LITMIR.BIZ

Скачать книгу

production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects,

       such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's

       hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most

       important natural resources; however, the government limits the number

       of tourists to 4,000 per year to minimize foreign influence. Much of

       the impetus for growth has come from large public-sector companies.

       Nevertheless, in recent years, Bhutan has shifted toward decentralized

       development planning and greater private initiative. The government

       privatized several large public-sector firms, is revamping its trade

       regime and liberalizing administerial procedures over industrial

       licensing. The government's industrial contribution to GDP decreased

       from 13% in 1988 to about 10% in 1992.

       National product:

       GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $500 million (1993 est.)

       National product real growth rate:

       5% (FY93 est.)

       National product per capita:

       $700 (1993 est.)

       Inflation rate (consumer prices):

       11% (October 1993)

       Unemployment rate:

       NA%

       Budget:

       revenues:

       $100 million

       expenditures:

       $112 million, including capital expenditures of $60 million (FY92

       est.)

       note:

       the government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget

       expenditures

       Exports:

       $66 million (f.o.b., FY93 est.)

       commodities:

       cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to

       India), precious stones, spices

       partners:

       India 82%, Bangladesh, Singapore

       Imports:

       $125 million (c.i.f., FY93 est.)

       commodities:

       fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics

       partners:

       India 60%, Japan, Germany, US, UK

       External debt:

       $141 million (June 1993)

       Industrial production:

       growth rate NA%; accounts for 8% of GDP; primarily cottage industry

       and home based handicrafts

       Electricity:

       capacity:

       336,000 kW

       production:

       1.5422 billion kWh

       consumption per capita:

       2,203 kWh (25.8% is exported to India leaving 1,633 kWh per capita;

       1990–91)

       Industries:

       cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium

       carbide

       Agriculture:

       accounts for 45% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal

       husbandry; self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other

       production - rice, corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products,

       eggs

       Economic aid:

       recipient:

       Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments

       (1970–89), $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $11 million

       Currency:

       1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal

       tender

       Exchange rates:

       ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 31.370 (January 1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918

       (1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989); note - the

       Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

       Fiscal year:

       1 July - 30 June

      @Bhutan, Communications

      Highways:

       total:

       2,165 km

       paved:

       NA

       unpaved:

       gravel 1,703 km

       undifferentiated:

       462 km

       Airports:

       total:

       2

       usable:

       2

       with permanent-surface runways:

       1

       with runways over 3,659 m:

       0

       with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

       0

       with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

       2

       Telecommunications:

       domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in

       use; international telephone and telegraph service is by land line

       through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990); broadcast

       stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990)

      @Bhutan, Defense Forces

      Branches:

       Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia

       Manpower availability:

       males age 15–49 424,558; fit for military service 226,851; reach

       military age (18) annually 17,310 (1994 est.)

       Defense expenditures:

       $NA, NA% of GDP

      @Bolivia, Geography

      Location:

       Central South America, between Brazil and Chile

       Map references:

       South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

       Area:

       total area:

       1,098,580 sq km

       land area:

       1,084,390 sq km

       comparative area:

       slightly less than three times the size of Montana

       Land boundaries:

       total 6,743 km, Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km,

       Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

       Coastline:

       0 km (landlocked)

       Maritime claims:

       none; landlocked

       International disputes:

       has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the

       Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio

      

Скачать книгу