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[11].

      4 Another line of critique against the genetic program view would be that it naturalizes its metaphor. The assumption is that programs are not just our ‘way of understanding’ but that genes ‘really are’ programs, i.e. that they ‘work as’ programs.

      5 Thanks to Lorraine Cowley, herself a genetic counselor, now social researcher in genetics, who brought to my attention that the usual language in genetic counseling sessions in Britain includes ‘genetic fault’ for mutations and ‘instruction book’ for the genome.

      6 ‘What critics want to dispatch as ‘just a heap of cells’ in fact carries the whole genetic program for the development of a human being, from its very beginning as a fertilized egg cell. The program is integrally present, in its necessary and sufficient form’.

      References

      7 Zimmer C: Now: The Rest of the Genome. New York Times, 11 November 2008.

      20 Rehmann-Sutter C: Genes in labs. Concepts of development and the standard environment. Philos Nat 2006;43: 49-73.

      21 Rehmann-Sutter C: Genetics, a practical anthropology; in Düwell M, Rehmann-Sutter C, Mieth D (eds): The Contingent Nature of Life. Bioethics and the Limits of Human Existence. Dordrecht, Springer, 2008,pp 37-52.

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