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Treatment

      In cases where non‐union fracture or graft rejection result in prolonged fracture healing, further surgical intervention may be indicated, depending upon the fracture configuration and intended use of the patient.

       Expected outcome

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      11 11 Gray, J.C. and Elves, M.W. (1979). Early osteogenesis in compact bone isografts: a quantitative study of the contributions of different graft cells. Calcif. Tissue Int. 29: 225–237.

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      14 14 Auer, J.A. (1999). Bone grafting. In: Equine Medicine and Surgery, 5e (ed. P. Colahan, I.G. Mayhew, A.L. Merritt, et al.), 1397. St. Louis, Mosby.

      15 15 McDuffee, L.A. and Anderson. G.I. (2003). In vitro comparison of equine cancellous bone graft donor sites and tibial periosteum as sources of viable osteoprogenitors. Vet. Surg. 32: 455.

      16 16 Richardson, G.L., Pool, R.R., Pascoe, J.R. et al. (1986). Autogenous cancellous bone grafts from the sternum in horses: comparison with other donor sites and results of use in orthopedic surgery. Vet. Surg. 15: 9.

      17 17 Stashak, T.S. and Adams, O.R. (1975). Collection of bone grafts from the tuber coxae of the horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 167: 397.

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      19 19 Turner, A.S. (1982). Bone grafting. In: Equine Medicine and Surgery, 3E (ed. R.A. Mansmann, E.S. McAllister, and P.W. Pratt), 1020–1022. Santa Barbara, CA: American Veterinary Publications.

      20 20 Bauer, T.W. and Muschler, G.F. (2000). Bone graft materials. Clin. Orthop. 371: 10–27.

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      24 24 Ducharme, N.G. and Nixon, A.J. (1996). Delayed union, nonunion, and malunion. In: Equine Fracture Repair (ed. A.J. Nixon), 354–358. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

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      27 27 Nunamaker, D.M. (1996). Orthopedic implant failure. In: Equine Fracture Repair (ed. A.J. Nixon), 350–353. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

      28 28 Gray, J.C. and Elves, M.W. (1979). Early osteogenesis in compact bone isografts: A quantitative study of the contributions of different graft cells. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 29: 225–237.

      29 29 Stevenson, S. (1999). Biology of bone grafts. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 30: 543–552.

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      34 34 Buck, B.E. and Malinin, T.I. (1989). Bone transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus. An estimate of risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin. Orthop. 240: 129–136.

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      36 36 Henry, M. (1992). Diagnostic approach to anemia. In: Current Therapy in Equine Medicine, 3e (ed. N. Robinson), 487–497. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

      37 37 Kasashima, Y., Ueno, T., Tomita, A. et al. (2011). Optimisation of bone marrow aspiration from the equine sternum for the safe recovery of mesenchymal stem cells. Equine Vet. J. 43 (3): 288–294.

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      39 39 Savage, C.J., Jeffcott, L.B., Melsen, F. et al. (1991) Bone biopsy in the horse: Method using the wing of ilium. J. Vet. Med. Assoc. 38: 776–783.

       Ann Martens DVM, PhD, DECVS

       Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium

      The goal of cryosurgery is to

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