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history including Russian nationals, members of the Russian world, and the best foreign professionals.[20]

      The world of Russian compatriots abroad is undoubtedly socially and politically heterogeneous when it comes to the historical retrospective and modern events in Russia and abroad. This heterogeneity often affects the internal life of Russian-speaking communities, leads to controversy and disputes, instability in the composition of coordination councils and other representative bodies in a given country, etc. At the same time, almost all institutional structures of Russia Abroad (Russian Centers, schools, clubs, etc.) directly engage with Rossotrudnichestvo and institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, representative offices of the Russkiy Mir Foundation, or with public organizations close to Russia in spirit and nature of their activities.

      Currently, of the development of the public life in Russia shows an increase in activity and number of people participating in cultural and historical associations addressing the consolidation of the Russian society, including the continuity of traditions within the Russian culture in all their diversity and complexity. This trend also creates new opportunities for widening the dialogue with the world of Russian compatriots living abroad. At present, the historical retrospective and modern life of the Russian foreign countries are reflected in the activities of the leading public associations of national figures of science, culture, and enlightenment, i. e. the Russian Historical Society (RHS), the Russian Military Historical Society (RMHS), the Russian Society of Historians and Archivists (ROIA), the Russian Society Znanie and the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IPPO). Their close ties with the Russian community abroad are based on a common determination to restore and preserve historical memory and cultural traditions covering all chronological and territorial flows of the Russian “time river.” Most of these societies have their prototypes in well-known pre-revolutionary scientific and cultural organizations with high reputation in the scientific world. Thus, the Imperial Russian Historical Society (IRHS), founded in 1866 in St. Petersburg, united not only famous historians, but also high military and civil officials who contributed to the study of the Russian history and archaeology. In 1909–1917, the IRHS was chaired by Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, who was executed by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd in 1919. Other members of the IRHS dissolved after the revolution were also repressed. Thus, for the Russian scientific emigration, the Imperial Russian Historical Society was not only part of the corporate tradition, but was also surrounded by an aura of memories of the tragic days when the empire collapsed.

      There have been three attempts by the Russian community abroad to revive the Russian Historical Society. It was spearheaded by an outstanding historian Yevgeny Shmurlo (1853–1934), a representative of the St. Petersburg Sergei Platonov’s historical school, author of scientific works and documentary publications on the history of Russia during the era of Peter the Great, the Russian-Italian relations and the contacts between Russia and the Vatican in the 17^th century, etc. By 1917, Yevgeny Shmurlo was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the category of historical and political sciences, the Russian Geographical and Archaeological societies, the Historical Society at the St. Petersburg University and several provincial academic archive commissions. In emigration, Shmurlo was among the leaders of the Russian historical science abroad, participating in the work of the Academic Council and Academic Commission of the Russian Foreign Historical Archive, the philological department of the Russian Academic Board and the Russian Academic Group in Czechoslovakia. In 1925–1932, he headed the Russian Historical Society in Prague, which operated under the auspices of the Union of Russian Academic Organizations Abroad. His successor for two years was Aleksandr Kizevetter (1866–1933), a graduate of the Moscow University, student of Vasiliy Klyuchevsky and Pavel Vinogradov, one of the leading specialists in the history of the 18^th century Russia. He was also a politician, a member of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party and a member of the second State Duma. In Prague, in the 1920s and 1930s, Kizevetter gave lectures at Charles University and at emigrant institutions, i. e. the Russian Law Department and the People’s University. The emigrant RHS also included Petr Struve, Venedikt Miakotin, Antoniy Florovsky, Georgiy Florovsky, and other representatives of the Russian humanitarian science who lived in Czechoslovakia in the interbellum. It was

      an association of intellectuals, the elite of Russian historical science, who in difficult circumstances of emigration remained faithful to the cause of all their lives: historical science. The main focus of their activities within the framework of the RHS was the preparation of collections of scientific works, i. e. “Notes of the Russian Historical Society in Prague”. In 1940, the activities of the RHS were banned by the German occupation authorities, and its chairman Antoniy Florovsky was arrested.

      In 1937, a group of Russian scientists in San Francisco came up with an idea of recreating the Russian Historical Society in America, and a year later an edition of “Notes” was issued. The RHS in San Francisco was a predecessor of the famous Museum of Russian Culture, which was founded in 1948 and played an extremely important role in collecting the historical and cultural heritage of the Russian emigration in the United States. In the early 1990s, another attempt was made by a small group of enthusiasts in the United States to revive the Russian Historical Society. Under its auspices two additional volumes of the “Russian Biographical Dictionary” were published to be discontinued in 1917. On National Unity Day, November 4, 2004, the Russian Historical Society Abroad announced the resumption of its activities at home; Petr Aleksandrov-Derkachenko was elected as Chairman. (Currently, the Russian Historical Society Abroad has an office in Moscow and is a member of the Russian Historical Society).

      The Imperial Russian Military Historical Society (IRMHS), founded in 1907, united military historians, including representatives of officers and generals, archivists, publishers, museologists. Cavalry General Dmitriy Scalon was elected Chairman of the Council of IRHMS. In 1912, he was replaced by Lieutenant General Nikolai Mikhnevich. Both served as Chief of General Staff, which ensured a high level of official and personal interaction of the IRMHS Council with the army, administrative and scientific institutions. The Society saw its task in studying and promoting the military history of Russia, including publication of scientific works, memoirs, epistolary sources and other documentary materials of military history; the search and archaeological research of places of battles; immortalizing the memory of Russian soldiers; the creation and arrangement of military history museums, collection of uniforms, weapons, awards, banners, and other paraphernalia. Periodicals published by IRMHS, i. e. the Journal of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society, Works of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society and Notes of the department of military archaeology and archeography, were popular among military intellectuals and a wide range of readers interested in military history. The active work of the Society was curtailed with the beginning of World War I, when most of its members went to the front, and in 1917 it officially ceased to exist. A number of its members, while in exile, continued their military-historical works, which became part of the scientific heritage of the Russian world, and in 1990-2000s entered the national scientific information space.

      It should be noted that in pre-revolutionary Russia there were other military scientific societies engaged in historical research. Thus, in 1898, in St. Petersburg, a group of officers established the Society of Military Knowledge Zealots, headed by military historian Colonel Aleksandr Myshlayevsky. Later, the Society’s branches were established in Riga, Vilna, Minsk, Suvalki, Chuguyev, Khabarovsk, Tiflis, Libav, Samarkand, Ashgabat and Warsaw. The Society of Military Knowledge Zealots in its classes and publications dealt mainly with issues of military theory in connection with the military conflicts of the time, namely the Anglo-Boer War, the Boxing Uprising in China, the Russian-Japanese War, etc., but there were also reports on military historical topics.

      In the 1920s and 1930s, in most centres of Russian emigration in Europe, the U. S. and China, there were officer societies and unions the participants of which studied various problems of military history and prepared documentary publications and memoirs. The scope of their interests mainly included understanding of the events and results of the First World War of 1914–1918 and the Civil War of 1917–1922 in Russia with the majority of emigrant officers and generals being veterans of these conflicts. The military press of the Russian community abroad, for example La Sentinelle magazine, bulletin of the Gallipoli Society, etc., covered the outcomes of their scientific and creative

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