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countries of the European Union are characterized by a long-lasting tradition of bird-watching, on which scientifically grounded countrywide surveys were nested. Countries such as Finland, Sweden and Denmark organized a countrywide monitoring scheme in 1975, the United Kingdom in the 1960s. Others started later on, but nowadays all EU countries except Malta have a monitoring scheme in place.

      In 2002, the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS) was started as a joint initiative of the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) and BirdLife International, with the aims of: collecting data on European common bird species from national monitoring schemes and calculate European common bird indices and indicators, to raise awareness and to feed the policy process; support the national coordinators in setting up the schemes, and guarantee a harmonized approach in the calculation of the indices; explore the relation between population trends and main driving forces (EBCC, 2019).

      Most surveys are carried out through point or line transect counts, where the selection of the plots to be surveyed (each plot containing one or more point or transect) is made either following rigorous statistical procedures (e.g. systematic selection, stratified random selection) or a free choice approach (Table 1). The surveyor visits the assigned location one or more times during the year, in predetermined time windows (e.g. 10 May–20 June as in the Italian survey), and records the individuals seen or heard. A thorough statistical analysis is followed to identify errors and outliers.

Table 1 Principal characteristics of national breeding birds monitoring schemes

Country	Generic breeding bird monitoring scheme	Contributes to PECBMS	Start year	Field survey methods	Selection of plots	Number of species
Austria	Yes	Yes	1998	Point counts	Free choice	85
Belgium	Yes	Yes	1990	Point counts	Stratified random, other	134
Bulgaria	Yes	Yes	2004	Line transects	Stratified random	63
Croatia	Yes	Not yet	2015	Point counts	Stratified semi-random	30
Cyprus	Yes	Yes	2006	Line transects	Other	45
Czech Republic	Yes	Yes	1982	Point counts, line transects	Free choice, stratified random	218
Denmark	Yes	Yes	1975	Point counts	Free choice	143
Estonia	Yes	Yes	1983	Point counts	Free choice	90
Finland	Yes	Yes	1975	Point counts, line transects, other	Systematic, other	140
France	Yes	Yes	1989	Point counts	Other	150
Germany	Yes	Yes	1989	Line transects, point counts, territory mapping	Free choice, stratified random	100
Greece	Yes	Yes	2007	Point counts	Stratified random	233
Hungary	Yes	Yes	1999	Point counts	Stratified random	420
Ireland	Yes	Yes	1998	Line transects	Stratified random	55
Italy	Yes	Yes	2000	Point counts	Random	103
Latvia	Yes	Yes	1995	Point counts, territory mapping	Random, systematic, other	90
Lithuania	Yes	Yes	1994	Point counts	Stratified semi-random	70
Luxembourg	Yes	Yes	2002	Point counts, territory mapping, line transect	Random, stratified random	120
Malta	No
Netherlands	Yes	Yes	1984	Territory mapping, point counts, line transects	Free choice, random, stratified random	100
Poland	Yes	Yes	2000	Line transects	Stratified random	110
Portugal	Yes	Yes	2004	Point counts	Stratified random	Скачать книгу В начало < 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 > В конец