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impact on the delivery of different kinds of therapeutics, and also have great promise for improving the therapeutic index and pharmacokinetics of several drugs. Chapter 6 incorporates the application of nanotechnology in transdermal drug delivery. Moreover, a detailed explanation given on the interaction of the skin and nanoparticles will be helpful to enhance the reader's understanding of new concepts and the use of drug delivery carriers in transdermal delivery. Chapter 7 examines the application of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle‐based drug delivery in cancer therapeutics. Nowadays, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers all over the world due to their strong magnetic properties, which provide an added advantage when they are used in biomedical applications. Chapter 8 emphasizes one of the most novel concepts, i.e. application of virus‐like nanoparticles in the delivery of the cancer therapeutics. It is well known that viruses have a unique ability to coordinate with host cellular components and processes for their survival and multiplication. The ability of self‐replication and transduction property makes the viruses potential vectors for the delivery of small molecules and protein therapeutics. Chapter 9 is also about the revolutionary applications of magnetic nanoparticles as future cancer theranostics. Chapter 10 is dedicated to the utilization of chitosan nanoparticles as novel antimicrobial agents. Actually, due to certain toxicological effects of some nanomaterials like metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles like chitosan nanoparticles have gained more attention due to their biodegradable nature. Chapter 11 covers various aspects related to sulfur nanoparticles, such as their biosynthesis, antibacterial applications, and possible mechanisms involved in their action. Chapter 12 emphasizes the role of nanotechnology in the management of indoor fungi. The problem of indoor fungi is one of the most important public health concerns because they are responsible for a wide range of mild to severe diseases like allergies, asthma, etc. Chapter 13 deliberates the role of nanotechnology in antifungal therapy. Considering the alarming increase in resistance in a variety of fungi and infection caused due to such fungi, this chapter is very interesting. Chapter 14 discusses the application of conjugated nanoparticles of chitosan and biogenic silver in antimicrobial and anticancer perspectives. The development of such novel conjugated nanoparticles is required to reduce or eradicate the problem of nanomaterials toxicity. Chapter 15 is focused on one of the important diseases, leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a very dreadful disease, and available therapeutic strategies are not very effective in the management of this disease. In this context, the application of different nanomaterials as a part of its treatment strategies would be a novel alternative. Chapter 16 is about theranostics and vaccines; in this chapter, authors focused on their current status and future expectations. Finally, Chapter 17 is focused on the most important and debatable concept, i.e. toxicity of nanomaterials. There is no doubt that nanomaterials bring a revolution in biomedical science, and hence they are widely used in various biomedical applications and products. But, it is also true that increased use of nanomaterials also possesses an elevated risk of toxicity. Therefore, in this context, this chapter is very important. This chapter covers several aspects like factors affecting the toxicity of nanomaterials, why there is a necessity to evaluate the toxicity of nanomaterials, recent advances in in vitro and in vivo toxicity, and how the toxicity of nanomaterials can be managed.

      Overall, this book comprises very informative chapters written by one or more specialists, experts in their particular topic. In this way, we would like to offer a rich guide for doctors, researchers in this field, undergraduate or graduate students of various disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical biotechnology, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, nanomedicine, tissue engineering, biomaterials, etc., and allied subjects. In addition, this book is useful for people working in various industries, regulatory bodies, and nanotechnological organizations.

      We would like to thank all the contributors for their outstanding efforts to provide state‐of‐the‐art information on the subject matter of their respective chapters. Their efforts will certainly enhance and update the knowledge of the readers about the role of nanotechnology in biomedicine and public health. We also thank everyone in the Wiley team for their constant help and constructive suggestions particularly to Julia, senior editor, for her patience and cooperation. Finally, we would like to thank our colleagues, Professors Chistiane M. Feitosa and Rafael M. Bandeira for their cooperation during the editing of the book.

      We hope that the book will be useful for all readers to find the required information on the latest research and advances in the field of biomedical nanotechnology.

      Mahendra Rai, India

      Mehdi Razzaghi‐Abyaneh, Iran

      Avinash P. Ingle, Brazil

1 Nanotechnology: A New Era in the Revolution of Drug Delivery, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Diseases

       Avinash P. Ingle1, Patrycja Golińska2, Alka Yadav3, Mehdi Razzaghi‐Abyaneh4, Mrunali Patel5, Rashmin Patel5, Yulia Plekhanova6, Anatoly Reshetilov6, and Mahendra Rai3

       1 Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil

       2 Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska, Torun, Poland

       3 Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

       4 Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

       5 Department of Pharmaceutics, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Gujarat, India

       6 Laboratory of Biosensors, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia

1.1 Introduction

      Various factors, including the fast pace of today's world, knowingly or unknowingly have created many concerns in the area of healthcare. Different infectious diseases, depression, hypertension, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc. are a small part of the list of common outcomes associated with a high‐speed, stress‐filled lifestyle, among other reasons (Petrie et al. 2018). Therefore, early diagnosis and effective treatment are required to manage all of these health conditions. However, it has been a major challenge in recent times. Moreover, the recent noteworthy scientific advancements in the field of nanotechnology have potentially improved medical diagnosis and treatment strategies (Bonnard et al. 2019). In this context, early diagnosis of diseases, even before the presentation of symptoms, and improved imaging systems for internal body structure, etc., in addition to various treatment approaches, have been developed with the help of nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology or nanoscience is referred to as the science which involves the study of materials at the atomic or molecular level. In other words, nanotechnology is defined as the investigation, design, manufacture, synthesis, manipulation, and application of materials, strategies, and structures at a scale of 1–100 nanometers (nm) (Gholami‐Shabani et al. 2014). It means to design, manufacture, characterize, and apply structures, devices, and methods through controlled manipulation of shape and size at the nanometric scale which

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