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alt="images"/>, and its axes are rotating with an instantaneous angular velocity, , all measured in a stationary frame, then the net acceleration of the particle is given by

(2.21)

Equation (2.21) is an alternative kinematical description of the particle's motion, and can be regarded as being equivalent to that given by Eq. (2.19), which has been differentiated in time according to the chain rule. Equation (2.21) is useful in finding the acceleration of the particle from the position and velocity measured in a moving reference frame. The first two terms on the right‐hand side of Eq. (2.21) represent the net acceleration due to the origin of the moving frame. The term is the Coriolis acceleration, and the centripetal acceleration of the particle in the moving reference frame. The term is the effect of the angular acceleration of the reference frame, whereas is the acceleration due to a changing magnitude of , and would be the only acceleration had the reference frame been stationary.

      The application of Newton's second law to the motion of a particle of a fixed mass, , and acted upon by a force, , gives the following important relationship – called the kinetics – for the determination of the particle's acceleration:

(2.22)

      The linear momentum, , of the particle is defined as the product of its mass, , and velocity, :

      (2.23)

Since the particle's mass is constant, the second law of motion given by Eq. (2.22) can alternatively be expressed as follows:

(2.24)

      which gives rise to the principle of linear momentum conservation if no force is applied to the particle.

      The angular momentum, , of the particle about a point, o, is defined to be the vector product of the radius vector, , of the particle from o and its linear momentum, :

      (2.25)

By virtue of Eq. (2.24), it is evident that the angular momentum of the particle about o can vary with time, if and only if a torque, defined by , acts on the particle about o:

      (2.26)

This results in the principle of angular momentum conservation if no torque acts on the particle about o.

      The work done on a particle by a force while moving from point A to point B is defined by the following integral of the scalar product of the force, , and the particle's displacement, :

      (2.27)

      The application of Newton's second law for the constant mass particle, Eq. (2.22), results in the following expression for the work done:

      (2.28)

      where and are the speeds of the particle at the points A and B, respectively. Thus the net work done on a particle equals the net change in its kinetic energy, .

2.5 The n‐Body Problem

      Gravity, being the predominant force in space flight, must be understood before constructing any model for space flight dynamics. Consider two particles of masses, and , whose instantaneous positions in an inertial frame, OXYZ, are denoted by the vectors, and , respectively. The relative position of mass, , with respect to the mass, , is given by the vector . By Newton's law of gravitation, the two particles apply an equal and opposite attractive force on each other, which is directly proportional to the product of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the distance, , between them. The equations of motion of the two particles are expressed as follows by Newton's second law of motion:

      (2.29)

      (2.30)

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