Russia the formation of the state in the 9th century Veneds and the severjans (northerners), part of the Huns, which became the basis of a new community - Sergey Solovyov

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in the Asian steppes. Livestock was kept in pastures for most of the year under the supervision of shepherds, and in winter in special pens. Cereals were cultivated on easy-to-cultivate floodplains. The soil was cultivated by hand with stone and bronze hoes. Hunting and fishing did not have much importance in economic life. They lived poorly, settled in large families in dugouts located quite far from each other; Many times they created settlements, but chaotic, spontaneous, not having a clear plan. Settlements in the form of 10 – 20 large dwellings.

      Chariot on a blackened vessel, State Historical Museum

      The dwellings were semi-dugouts and ground log huts. Some settlements (for example, settlements in the area of Petrovka and Bogolyubovo) were surrounded by ditches and ramparts, the land for which was taken from a fragment of the ditch. A wooden palisade was built on top of the ramparts. For passage inside, jumpers were left in the ditch, and a gate for the passage of chariots was arranged in the shaft.

      Andronovtsy were the tribes of metallurgists. They possessed copper and tin mines and supplied the metal far to the west. Their foundry workers provided widespread production of tools (sickles, axes, Celts) and weapons (daggers, socketed points, spears with a leaf-shaped feather), including outside the Andronovo area. Deposits of copper ore were developed in Kazakhstan, as well as in the Altai Mountains. Burials were made in pits with stone embankments, sometimes surrounded by fences made of stone slabs. There are burials with wood cladding. The dead were laid in a crumpled position, the hands were laid in front of the face. The burials contain flint arrowheads, bronze tools and weapons, jewelry, and ceramics. The deceased was sometimes burned. Vessels with a flat bottom were decorated at the top and at the very bottom with imprints of a thin comb stamp or carved lines, often in the form of various geometric shapes – meanders, triangles, crosses, swastikas and meanders. Of the jewelry, again, spiral bracelets, temporal lobular rings, bracelets open with volute, drawing below.

      Country of Cities

      The country of cities is the name of the territory in the Southern Urals, within which ancient settlements of the Sintashta culture of the Middle Bronze Age (about 3—2 thousand years BC) were found. In historical science it is called the “Volga-Ural focus of cultural genesis.” The most famous settlement of the “country of cities” is Arkaim. The settlements were discovered in the 1960s – 1980s. One of the first (in 1968) a settlement was found near the Sintashta River (a tributary of the Tobol), due to which the found settlement itself received the name of the aforementioned South Ural river. Soon after the discovery of other settlements, archaeologists began to use the term “Sintashta culture”. Probably, judging by the finds, this culture is similar, if not identical to Andronovskaya and Abashevskaya. Most cities are round in plan-8.

      – round (9 cities)

      – oval (about 5)

      – rectangular (about 11)

      The houses gathered in a circle, and a kind of reinforcement was obtained from the end walls of the houses. The settlement was surrounded by a moat and a rampart. The outer rampart and wall were made of clay and stones, with a wooden frame. The houses and walls resembled FACHWERK houses in Germany, that is, they were frame.

      Arkaim

      Tulou of China

      The settlements most of all resemble the so-called fortress houses of China, Tulou, pinyin Fújiàn Tǔlóu, literally “earthen [high] building”) – in Chinese architecture, a fortress-type residential complex common in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. There are square or round shapes. That is, the Tulou were also rectangular. The first tulou were built by representatives of the Hakka people, who, during the internecine wars, migrated from the north to the southern regions of China during the Tang Dynasty. Faced with hostile attitudes towards themselves from the local population, migrants were forced to build closed serf-type residential buildings..

      Round-shaped tulou have a diameter of 50 – 90 meters, the thickness of the outer walls is from one to two and a half meters, they have narrow loopholes on the upper tiers and a minimum number of powerful entrance gates. Inside the fortress there were living quarters, a well, there were large supplies of food. In Tulou, 500—600 people can live, representing three or four branches of one clan. Tulou can accommodate 500—600 people, representing three or four branches of the same clan. For example, Chengqilou, a four-story round tulou in Gaotou Parish, Yongding County, was once home to more than 600 people from the Jiang clan. Now there are only slightly more than 60 residents (over 20 families) left, but, as they proudly note, if anyone wanted to live one day in each room of this building, it would take him almost a year.

      “Tulou” can be translated as “earth castle” (tu = earth, low = building of several floors); however, both brick and stone were often used in construction (boulders in mountain districts, granite blocks in coastal areas). As a rule, a foundation was laid from stone (which made it difficult for enemies to dig during a siege) and the lower part of the wall was built, to a high enough level so that even in the highest floods, water would not erode the earthen part of the wall. The main material, however, in most cases was still a composite mixture of clay, sand and lime, laid and dried directly in the sun. As a rule, all residents of one tulou (except for wives who came to the clan from outside) had the same surname.

      Probably, the culture of Northern China, the skill of building such fortress houses was brought to China by the Andronovites.

      Deity of water Gong-Gong. The Chinese imagined him with a snake-like body and a human head. At the crown of Gong-gong there is a thick head of red hair, that is, the traditional Huns’ hairstyle is a shaved head, and the hair is only on the back of the head, and red. Shang-Yin ceramics has an undeniable resemblance to the Cretan one, and this is noticeable to everyone.

      Shang-Yin Pottery

      Cretan Pottery

      The Shang-Yin state was created by the Europeans, the Andronovites, who were called Gans, from this ethnonym the name of the Gansi province originated. The self-name of the Chinese is HUNZA (hànzú, (The Palladian transcription system is a generally accepted system of transcription of the Chinese language into Russian.), And the country is HAN.

      These settlements of the Country of Cities are named:

      – Arkaim – Bredinsky district (Chelyabinsk region), on the cape of the Bolshaya Karaganka river. Found in 1987 (preliminary found 1957). Shape: round.

      – Fortified settlement Alandskoe – Kvarkensky district (Orenburg region), on the cape of the left bank of the Suunduk river (discovered in 1987, shape: oval, egg-shaped).

      – Fortified settlement Andreevskoe – Bredinsky District (Chelyabinsk Region), on the peninsula of the left bank of the Sintashta River. Discovered in 1990 when analyzing aerial photography. Shape: rectangular.

      – The fortified settlement of Bersuat – Bredinsky district (Chelyabinsk region), on the left bank of the Bersuat river, in the confluence of a small tributary of the Yagodny Dol. Discovered in 1987 (when analyzing aerial photography of perfect 1957) Shape: oval. Dimensions: 200 × 150 m.

      – Fortified settlement Bakhta – Agapovsky district (Chelyabinsk region), on the left bank of the Gumbeyka river (on the cape formed by Gumbeyka and the ancient channel of the Bakhta river). Discovered in 2000 (when analyzing aerial

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