LITMIR.BIZ

      Fig. 15 Bank deposit creation. Deposit creation operated with a 50% reserve-asset ratio in a multibank system.

      Since bank deposits constitute a large part of the MONEY SUPPLY, the ability of the banking system to ‘create’ credit makes it a prime target for the application of MONETARY POLICY as a means of regulating the level of spending in the economy.

      Bank for International Settlements (BIS) an international bank, situated in Basle and established in 1930, that originally acted as a coordinating agency for the central banks of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium and the UK in settling BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS imbalances and for other intercentral bank dealings. Nowadays its membership comprises all western European central banks together with those of the USA, Canada and Japan. Although the INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND is the main institution responsible for the conduct of international monetary affairs, the BIS is still influential in providing a forum for discussion and surveillance of international banking practices.

      banking system a network of COMMERCIAL BANKS and other more specialized BANKS (INVESTMENT BANKS, SAVINGS BANKS, MERCHANT BANKS) that accept deposits and savings from the general public, firms and other institutions, and provide money transmission and other financial services for customers, operate loan and credit facilities for borrowers, and invest in corporate and government securities. The banking system is part of a wider FINANCIAL SYSTEM and exerts a major influence on the functioning of the ‘money economy’ of a country. Bank deposits occupy a central position in the country’s MONEY SUPPLY and hence the banking system is closely regulated by the money authorities. See BANK OF ENGLAND, CENTRAL BANK, CLEARING HOUSE SYSTEM.

      bank loan the advance of a specified sum of money to an individual or business (the borrower) by a COMMERCIAL BANK, SAVINGS BANK, etc. (the lender). A bank loan is a form of CREDIT that is often extended for a specified period of time, usually on fixed-interest terms related to the base INTEREST RATE, with the principal being repaid either on a regular instalment basis or in full on the appointed redemption date. Alternatively, a bank loan may take the form of overdraft facilities under which customers can borrow as much money as they require up to a pre-arranged total limit and are charged interest on outstanding balances.

      In the case of business borrowers, bank loans are used to finance WORKING CAPITAL requirements and are often renegotiated shortly before expiring to provide the borrower with a ‘revolving’ line of credit.

      Depending on the nature of the loan and the degree of risk involved, bank loans may be unsecured or secured, the latter requiring the borrower to deposit with the bank COLLATERAL SECURITY (e.g. title deeds to a house) to cover against default on the loan.

      bank note the paper CURRENCY issued by a CENTRAL BANK which forms part of a country’s MONEY SUPPLY. Bank notes in the main constitute the ‘high value’ part of the money supply. See MINT, LEGAL TENDER, FIDUCIARY ISSUE, BANK OF ENGLAND.

      Bank of England the CENTRAL BANK of the UK, which acts as banker to the government and the BANKING SYSTEM and acts as the authority responsible for implementing MONETARY POLICY. The Bank of England handles the government’s financial accounts in conjunction with the TREASURY, taking in receipts from taxation and the sale of government assets, and making disbursements to the various government departments to fund their activities. The bank acts as the government’s broker in its borrowing and lending operations, issuing and dealing in government BONDS and TREASURY BILLS to underpin its year-to-year budgetary position and management of the country’s NATIONAL DEBT.

      COMMERCIAL BANKS hold accounts with the Bank of England and, in its role as banker to the banking system, the Bank makes it possible for banks to settle their indebtedness with one another by adjusting their accounts as appropriate (see CLEARING HOUSE SYSTEM).

      The Bank of England and its satellite, the Royal Mint, are responsible for issuing the country’s basic stock of money – LEGAL TENDER, consisting of bank notes and coins (see MONEY SUPPLY). The Bank occupies a key role in the implementation of monetary policy through controls on the money supply, influencing the level of bank deposits and credit creation by the financial institutions, particularly commercial banks (see BANK DEPOSIT CREATION), while the MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE has the responsibility for setting ‘official’ INTEREST RATES in the UK, which in turn determines all other short-term interest rates (BASE RATE, BILL DISCOUNTING INTEREST RATE, INTERBANK CLEARING INTEREST RATE).

      The Bank is also responsible for managing the country’s EXCHANGE RATE and holding the country’s stock of INTERNATIONAL RESERVES to be used in the financing of balance-of-payments deficits. The Bank of England operates a ‘Foreign Exchange Equalization Account’ that it uses to intervene in the FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET, buying and selling currencies to support the exchange rate at a particular level or to ensure that it falls (depreciates) or rises (appreciates) in an ‘orderly’ manner. See LENDER OF LAST RESORT.

      bank rate the former ‘official’ INTEREST RATE that was administered by the government as part of MONETARY POLICY in controlling the economy. Bank rate operated as the BASE RATE for the banking system, influencing interest rates charged on bank loans, mortgages and instalment credit. Bank rate was replaced in 1972 by the ‘minimum lending rate’, which itself was abolished in 1984. The ‘official’ interest rate is now set by the MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE of the BANK OF ENGLAND. See Fig. 125.

      bankruptcy see INSOLVENCY.

      bank statement a periodic record of an individual’s or business’s transactions with a BANK (or BUILDING SOCIETY) which itemizes, on the one hand, cash deposits and cheques paid in, and, on the other hand, cash withdrawals and cheques drawn and presented against the account.

      bar chart

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