LITMIR.BIZ

Скачать книгу

a violent demonstration in late October 2009 in the township bordering the Soccer City stadium, during which residents vowed that ‘there will be no 2010’ because they had no houses and no jobs. The government is ‘pouring money into 2010... why are they not pouring money into housing?’ (The Times, 22 October 2009).

      To a significant extent the World Cup and its legacy threatens to become part of South Africa’s broader politics of class contestation, as there is an increasing demand that the event should have benefited not only major businesses and the affluent, but also the country’s poor. A hidden aspect of South Africa’s obvious construction boom, for example, is the extent to which the commercial opportunities linked to this expansion was absorbed by only a few dominant construction firms (for reviews of the politics of stadium construction, see for instance Alegi 2007).

      These aspects present a number of challenges to the national government, which not only had to deliver a well prepared and safe tournament that satisfies international scrutiny, but also had to respond to an increasingly restive domestic constituency. Given the experience of previous sports events hosted by South Africa, the 2010 World Cup had the potential to foster racial reconciliation and nation building, even if that was short-lived. This was to depend, however, on how successful the event was judged to have been by the international community, and on whether people in South Africa believe that the tournament brought them real material benefits. Ultimately, it may well turn out that the World Cup created economic benefit for only a handful.

      NOTES

      1 In reality, the expansion of the Summer Games programme has been more extensive since each sport has a number of different disciplines and involves competitions for men and women.

      2 Cited in ‘Sorge um Unterkünft in Südafrika,’ www.sportal.de/sportal/generated/.../14293300000.html

      REFERENCES

Alegi P (2007) The political economy of mega-stadiums and the underdevelopment of grassroots football in South Africa. Politikon 34 (3): 315–331.

Allmers S and W Maennig (2008) South Africa 2010: Economic scope and limits. Hamburg Contemporary Economic Discussions 21: 1–33.

Baade R and V Matheson (2004) The quest for the Cup: Assessing the economic impact of the World Cup. Regional Studies 38 (4): 341–352.

Bale J and O Moen (Eds) (1995) The Stadium and the City. Keele: Keele University Press.

Black D (2008) Dreaming big: The pursuit of second order games as a strategic response to globalisation. Sport in Society 11 (4): 467–480.

Bohlmann HR (2006) Predicting the economic impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on South Africa. University of Pretoria Department of Economics Working Paper Series: 2006–11.

Brownell S (2008) Beijing’s Games: What the Olympics Mean to China. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Business Day (2008) 2010 stadiums R3.2bn over budget, 2 December 2008.

Cape Times (2009) Cape Town contingency plan for 2010, 9 November 2009.

Cashman R (2006) The bitter-sweet awakening: The legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Petersham: Walla Walla Press.

      Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) (2007) Fair play for housing rights: mega-events, Olympic Games and housing rights. Geneva: COHRE.

Coates D and B Humphreys (2002) The economic impact of post-season play in professional sports. Journal of Sports Economics 3 (3): 291–299.

Cornelissen S (2009a) A delicate balance: major sport events and development. In R Levermore and A Beacom (Eds) Sport and international development. New York: Palgrave.

Cornelissen S (2009b) Sport, mega-events and urban tourism: exploring the patterns, constraints and prospects of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In Pillay U, R Tomlinson, and O Bass (Eds) Development and Dreams: Urban Development Implications of the 2010 Soccer World Cup. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

Cornelissen S and K Swart (2006) The 2010 World Cup as a political construct: the challenge of making good on an African promise. Sociological Review 54 (2):108–123.

Crompton J (1995) Economic impact analysis of sports facilities and events: eleven sources of misapplication. Journal of Sport Management. 9: 14–35.

Crompton J (2001) Public subsidies to professional team sport facilities in the USA, in Gratton C and P Henry (Eds) Sport in the City: The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration. London: Routledge.

      Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism/South African Tourism (2005) 2010 Soccer World Cup Tourism Organising Plan. Pretoria: DEAT.

Dobson N and RA Sinnamon (2001) A critical analysis of the organisation of major sports events. In Gratton C and I Henry (Eds) Sport in the city: the role of sport in economic and social regeneration. London: Routledge.

Euchner C (1999) Tourism and sports: The serious competition for play. In Judd DR and SS Fainstein (Eds) The Tourist City. London: Yale University Press.

FIFA (2006) The FIFA Marketing Report 2006 FIFA World Cup™. Zurich: FIFA.

Frey M, F Iraldo and M Melis (2007) The impact of wide-scale sport events on local development: an assessment of the XXth Torino Olympics through the Sustainability Report. RSA Region in Focus? International Conference, Lisbon, 2–5 April 2007.

Gibson HJ (1998) Sport tourism: a critical analysis of research. Sport Management Review 1: 45–76.

      Government of South Africa (2010) Fact sheet – government preparations for the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, www.sa2010.gov.za.

Grant Thornton (2003) An evaluation of the economic impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on the South African economy. Johannesburg: Grant Thornton Kessel Feinstein.

Grant Thornton (2008) South Africa the good news. 27 November 2008. 2010 World Cup set to contribute R55bn to SA’s GDP. http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/countdown_to_2010/2010_world_ cup_set_to_contribute_r55bn_to_sa_s_gdp_.html [Accessed 12 November 2008].

Grant Thornton (2010) Updated economic impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Media release, 21 April 2010.

The Guardian (2010) South African World Cup final venue Soccer City goes $133m over budget, 3 March 2010.

Harvey D (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.

Higham J (Ed) (2005) Sport Tourism Destinations: Issues, Opportunities and Analysis. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann

      Higham J and T Hinch (2009) Sport and Tourism: Globalization, Mobility and Identity. Elsevier: Butterworth Heinemann

Hiller H (2000) Mega-events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: an analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (2): 439–458.

Horne J (2008) The four ‘cs’ of sports mega-events: capitalism, connections, challenges and contradictions. Keynote address delivered at ‘Mega-events and civil societies’ conference, Queen Mary, University of London, 26–27 June 2008.

Horne J and W Manzenreiter (2004) Accounting for mega-events: forecasts and actual impacts of the 2002 Football World Cup Finals on the host countries Japan/Korea. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 39 (2): 187–203.

Horne J and W Manzenreiter (Eds) (2006) Sports Mega-Events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global

Скачать книгу