LITMIR.BIZ

      The camera is an important invention. Think what life would be like without it!

      With a simple camera, the photographer sees the same image that the camera does but he or she can adjust it by turning dials or pressing buttons. The way a camera works is very simple. A camera like the one in the picture has three elements: the lens (optical element), the film (chemical element) and the body of the camera (the mechanical element). To take a photo one has to combine these so that a clear image can be recorded.

      A lens is a curved piece of glass or plastic. It takes the rays of light bouncing off an object and brings them together so that they form an image of whatever is being photographed. It does this by slowing down the light. The speed of light can change. It travels faster through air than through glass. When light enters the curve of the lens at an angle, one part of the light ray will reach the glass before another and so will slow down first and bend towards the centre of the lens.

      The angle at which the light enters the lens changes when the photographer goes closer to or further away from the object being photographed.

      As you can see the image of a closer object forms further away from the lens than does the image from an object that is further away. When you focus a camera, you turn the lens, moving it closer to or further from the film surface where the image will be captured. You can use different lenses, depending on what kind of photo you want to take.

      2. Now read the article to understand it.

      3.Scan the text to find the three words optical, mechanical and chemical. Work out from the context what they mean.

      4. Scan the article to find answers to the following questions:

      (a) What are the three elements of a camera?

      (b) What is a lens?

      (c) What is the mechanical element of a camera?

      (d) What element is the film?

      5. Having read the article to understand it, see how much you have understood by answering the following questions:

      (a) What forms the image on the film?

      (b) Mention an interesting fact about the speed of light.

      (c) Explain in your own words what happens when the photographer moves closer or further away from the object he or she is photographing.

      (d) How does one bring the object one is photographing into focus?

      6. Show that you have thought about the article by writing two or three sentences explaining how the invention of the camera has affected our lives.

      7. Think of an example of when you yourself would use each of the following ways of reading. Do not use the examples given above. Also say why you would use that way.

      (a) skimming

      (b) scanning

      (c) reading to understand

      (d) reading word for word

      (e) reading to study

      Another spelling rule

      English has many rules about spelling. You need to learn them all. Here is one more:

      You know that when we change a word from singular to plural, we add an‘s’, for example ‘one book’ becomes ‘two books’. But what happens when a word ends in a ‘y’? ‘Country’ does not become ‘countrys’. We change the ‘y’ to ‘ie’ and then add the ‘s’. The plural of ‘country’ is ‘countries’.

      But if the word ending in a ‘y’ has a vowel before the ‘y’, we can just add an ‘s’: ‘donkey’ becomes ‘donkeys’.

      In the next activity you will practise this new spelling rule.

      1. Copy the following table into your workbook, filling in the correct spelling of the plural into the second column.

      2. Rewrite the following story, correcting the spelling:

      A farmer wished to have a photograph taken of himself, his children and all his animals. He arranged a day with the photografer. The family cleaned up the yard where the photo was to be taken and then all put on their best cloths to wait for him.

      When he arrived, the wive and daughter brought out some tea and sandwichs on traies, while the farmer gathered all the animals. The cats were straies, so they did not want to include them. But the two huskys were to be included. There were chickens, pigs, cows, a goat and two small ponys.

      It was difficult making all the animals stand still together. The dogs tried to help. When one of the chickens ran after a grashoper, they dashed after it. One dog caught it, but bit too hard, killing the poor thing. The other leapt about in excitement, knocking over the traies, breaking all the cups and saucers and plates. The farmer’s wive and daughter drew out their hankys and burst into tears. Two tragedys in one day were two much for them.

      Follow instructions

      You will often be given instructions in your life. If we do not follow instructions properly, things can go wrong. Think of building a model airplane, or assembling a tent, or cooking from a recipe. If we cannot read the instructions, none of these things will turn out the way they are supposed to.

      In the next activity you will be given a chance to build a pinhole camera. You will need to follow the instructions carefully if you want it to work.

      1. Did you know that our eyes actually see an object upside down, but that our brains turn it around? Discuss this with your partner.

      2. You are going to build a pinhole camera. It will not really take photographs, but when you look through its “lens” you will see the object you are looking at upside down. Make sure you have all the necessary materials:

       • A coffee can with a plastic lid

       • A nail

       • A hammer

       •

Скачать книгу