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target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_79f59176-b302-5eed-8481-c6c047354cd7">22 Katz, “Why Don’t American Cities Burn?,” 193.

      23 Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010).

      24 Katz, “Why Don’t American Cities Burn?,” 194.

      25 Ibid.

      26 Free Association, “Antagonism, neoliberalism and movements: Six impossible things before breakfast,” Antipode 42, no. 4 (2010): 1019–1033.

      27 Ellen W. Gorsevski, Peaceful Persuasion: The Geopolitics of Nonviolent Rhetoric (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004), 21.

      28 See Councilofnonprofits.org.

      29 Ibid.

      30 Incite! Women of Color Against Violence, The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007).

      31 Ibid., 3.

      32 Personal interview (B).

      33 Aziz Choudry and Dip Kapoor, eds., NGOization: Complicity, Contradictions and Prospects (London: Zed Books, 2013).

      34 Nikolas Barry-Shaw and Dru Oja Jay, Paved with Good Intentions: Canada’s Development NGOs from Idealism to Imperialism (Halifax, NS: Fernwood, 2012).

      35 Harriet A. Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (New York: Dover Publications, 2001), 100.

      36 Loïc Wacquant, Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009).

      37 The inverse developments of provisional/regulatory vs. penal functions of the state are helpful in understanding what the Right really means when it argues to “stop big government,” and how anarchists, for example, might mean something very different when we call to “smash the state,” even if the claims are apparently similar.

      38 Wacquant, Punishing the Poor, 19. Emphasis in original.

      39 Naomi Murakawa, The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

      40 Patrick F. Gillham and John A. Noakes, “‘More Than a March in a Circle’: Transgressive Protests and the Limits of Negotiated Management,” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 12, no. 4 (2007): 341–57.

      41 David Graeber, “On the Phenomenology of Giant Puppets,” in Possibilities: Essays on Hierarchy, Rebellion, and Desire (Oakland: AK Press, 2007).

      42 Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 31.

      43 Clayborne Carson, ed. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Warner Books, 1998), 225.

      44 Ibid.

      45 Ibid.

      46 Ibid., 226.

      47 Ibid.

      48 In some communities in South Central Los Angeles at the time, every young Black male had been entered into a gang database.

      49 Oliver et al., “Anatomy of a Rebellion: A Political-Economic Analysis,” in Robert Gooding-Williams, Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprising (New York: Routledge, 1993), 119.

      50 Ibid.

      51 Ibid.

      52 For a great suggested reading list, see “Thinking Through the End of Police,” Prison Culture website, accessed May 23, 2016, http://www.usprisonculture .com/blog/2014/12/29/thinking-through-the-end-of-police.

      53 William E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999).

      54 Gilje, Rioting in America, 151.

      55 Bernard Lafayette Jr., videotaped interview by Steve York for the documentary television series A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2002), DVD, Part 1, 20:22. My emphasis.

      56 “We Charge Genocide Again!,” Malcolm X Grassroots Project website, accessed May 23, 2016, https://mxgm.org/we-charge-genocide-again-new-curriculum-on -every-28-hours-report.

      57 Personal interview (C).

      58 How to Survive a Plague, directed by David France (New York: Sundance Selects/MPI Media Group, 2013), DVD.

      59 In David Van Deusen and Xavier Massot, The Black Bloc Papers: An Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1999–2001, The Battle of Seattle Through Quebec City (Shawnee Mission, KS: Breaking Glass Press, 2007), 136. Available online at http://www.infoshop.org/amp/bgp /BlackBlockPapers2.pdf (accessed May 23, 2016).

      60 “To the Media,” Outside Agitators 206 website, accessed May 23, 2016, https://outsideagitators206.org/statements/to-the-media.

      61 The role of social media has been so exhaustively discussed, to the point of fetishization, without convincing conclusions, that I have chosen to leave it aside in this study. People hear about events because of social media, but dependency on platforms like Facebook make them profoundly vulnerable to authorities in new ways. Tools of communication facilitate new connections, but also introduce new pervasive

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