The New Art and Science of Teaching Writing - Robert J. Marzano The New Art and Science of Teaching

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a set of strategies that all teachers must execute in precisely the same way.

      The comprehensive model in the 2017 book The New Art and Science of Teaching (Marzano, 2017) reflects a greatly expanded and updated version of The Art and Science of Teaching (Marzano, 2007). One of the unique aspects of The New Art and Science of Teaching is that it focuses on what happens in the minds of students by taking a student-outcome perspective as the primary influence. Specifically, when teachers employ instructional strategies, it generates certain mental states and processes in the learner’s mind that facilitate student learning. This dynamic that represents the major feature of this new model is depicted in figure I.1 (page 2):

      Source: Marzano, 2017, p. 5.

       Figure I.1: The teaching and learning progression.

      According to figure I.1, the intervening variable between the effective application of an instructional strategy and enhanced student learning is specific mental states and processes in the minds of learners. If teachers do not produce these mental states and processes as a result of employing a given strategy, then that strategy will have little or no effect on students. This implies that teachers should heighten their level of awareness as they use instructional strategies for maximum efficacy.

      The model in The New Art and Science of Teaching (Marzano, 2017) is a framework that educators can use to organize the majority (if not all) of the instructional strategies that research and theory identify. It has several parts: three overarching categories, ten design areas, and forty-three specific elements that each serve as an umbrella for a host of instructional strategies.

       Three Categories

      At the highest level of organization, the model has three overarching categories: feedback, content, and context.

      1. Feedback refers to the all-important information loop teachers must establish with students so that students know what they should be learning about specific topics and their current level of performance on these topics.

      2. Content refers to the sequencing and pacing of lessons such that students move smoothly from initial understanding to applying knowledge in new and creative ways.

      3. Context refers to those strategies that ensure all students meet these psychological needs: engagement, order, a sense of belonging, and high expectations.

      Embedded in these three overarching categories are more specific categories (teacher actions).

       Ten Design Areas

      In The New Art and Science of Teaching model, each of the ten design areas is associated with a specific teacher action, as follows:

      1. Providing and communicating clear learning goals

      2. Using assessments

      3. Conducting direct instruction lessons

      4. Conducting practicing and deepening lessons

      5. Conducting knowledge application lessons

      6. Using strategies that appear in all types of lessons

      7. Using engagement strategies

      8. Implementing rules and procedures

      9. Building relationships

      10. Communicating high expectations

      Table I.1 shows the ten teacher actions within the three categories along with a description of the desirable student mental states and processes for each. For example, the teacher action of conducting direct instruction lessons within the content category has the desired effect that when the teacher presents new content to students, they understand which parts are important and how the parts all fit together.

Teacher Actions Student Mental States and Processes
Feedback Providing and Communicating Clear Learning Goals 1. Students understand the progression of knowledge they are expected to master and where they are along that progression.
Using Assessments 2. Students understand how test scores and grades relate to their status on the progression of knowledge they are expected to master.
Content Conducting Direct Instruction Lessons 3. When content is new, students understand which parts are important and how the parts fit together.
Conducting Practicing and Deepening Lessons 4. After teachers present new content, students deepen their understanding and develop fluency in skills and processes.
Conducting Knowledge Application Lessons 5. After teachers present new content, students generate and defend claims through knowledge application tasks.
Using Strategies That Appear in All Types of Lessons 6. Students continually integrate new knowledge with old knowledge and revise their understanding accordingly.
Context Using Engagement Strategies 7. Students are paying attention, energized, intrigued, and inspired.
Implementing Rules and Procedures 8. Students understand and follow rules and procedures.
Building Relationships 9. Students feel welcome, accepted, and valued.
Communicating High Expectations 10. Typically reluctant students feel valued and do not hesitate to interact with the teacher or their peers.

      Each of the ten design areas corresponds with a design question. These are a set of questions that help teachers plan units and lessons within those units. Table I.2 shows the design questions that correspond with each design area.

Design Areas Design Questions
Feedback 1. Providing and Communicating Clear Learning Goals How will I communicate clear learning goals that help students understand the progression of knowledge they are expected to master and where they are along that progression?
2. Using Assessment How will I design and administer assessments that help students understand how their test scores and grades are related to their status on the progression of knowledge they are expected to master?
Content 3. Constructing Direct Instruction Lessons When content is new, how will I design and deliver direct instruction lessons that help students understand which parts of the content are important

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