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The Master of Game. Edward of Norwich
Читать онлайн.Название The Master of Game
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9780812200966
Автор произведения Edward of Norwich
Издательство Ingram
They have four tusks, two in the jaw above and two in the nether jaw; of small teeth speak not I, the which are like other boar’s teeth. The two tusks above serve for nothing except to sharpen his two nether tusks and make them cut well and men beyond the sea call the nether tusks of the boar his arms or his files, with these they do great harm, and also they call the tusks above gres15 (grinders) for they only serve to make the others sharp as I have said, and when they are at bay they keep smiting their tusks together to make them sharp and cut better. When men hunt the boar they commonly go to soil and soil in the dirt and if they be hurt the soil is their medicine. The boar that is in his third year or a little more is more perilous and more swift and doth more harm than an old boar, as a young man more than an old man. An old boar will be sooner dead than a young one for he is proud and heavier and deigneth not to fly, and sooner he will run upon a man than fly, and smiteth great strokes but not so perilously as a young boar.
A boar heareth wonderfully well and clearly, and when he is hunted and cometh out of the forest or bush or when he is so hunted that he is compelled to leave the country, he sorely dreads to take to the open country and to leave the forest,16 and therefore he puts his head out of the wood before he puts out his body, then he abideth there and harkeneth and looketh about and taketh the wind on every side. And if that time he seeth anything that he thinks might hinder him in the way he would go, then he turneth again into the wood. Then will he never more come out though all the horns and all the holloaing of the world were there. But when he has undertaken the way to go out he will spare for nothing but will hold his way throughout. When he fleeth he maketh but few turnings, but when he turneth to bay, and then he runneth upon the hounds and upon the man. And for no stroke or wound that men do him will he complain or cry, but when he runneth upon the men he menaceth, strongly groaning. But while he can defend himself he defendeth himself without complaint, and when he can no longer defend himself there be few boars that will not complain or cry out when they are overcome to the death.17
They drop their lesses (excrements) as other swine do, according to their pasture being hard or soft.
But men do not take them to the curée nor are they judged as of the hart or other beasts of venery.
A boar can with great pain live twenty years; he never casts his teeth nor his tusks nor loses them unless by a stroke.18 The boar’s grease is good as that of other tame swine, and their flesh also. Some men say that by the foreleg of a boar one can know how old he is, for he will have as many small pits in the forelegs as he has years, but of this I make no affirmation. The sows lead about their pigs with them till they have farrowed twice and no longer, and then they chase their first pigs away from them for by that time they be two years old and three Marches counting the March in which they were farrowed.19 In short they are like tame sows, excepting that they farrow but once in a year and the tame sows farrow twice. When they be wroth they run at both men and hounds and other beasts as (does) the wild boar and if they cast down a man they abide longer upon him than doeth a boar, but she cannot slay a man as soon as a boar for she has not such tusks as the boar, but sometimes they do much harm by biting. Boars and sows go to soil gladly when they go to their pasture, all day and when they return they sharpen their tusks and cut against trees when they rub themselves on coming from the soil. What men call a trip of tame swine is called of wild swine a sounder, that is to say if there be passed a five or six together.
1 In spite of the boar being such a dangerous animal a wound from his tusk was not considered so fatal as one from the antlers of a stag. An old fourteenth-century saying was: “Pour le sanglier faut le mire, mais pour le cerf convient la bière.”
2 Proud. G. de F., p. 56, orguilleuse. G. de F., p. 57, says after this that he has often himself been thrown to the ground, he with his courser, by a wild boar and the courser killed (“et moy meismes a il porté moult de fois à terre moy et mon coursier, et mort le coursier”).
3 Brimming. From Middle English brime, burning heat. It was also used in the sense of valiant-spirited (Stratmann).
4 November 30.
5 G. de F., p. 57, adds: “comme fait Pours.”
6 A badly worded phrase, the meaning of which is not quite clear. G. de F. has “acorns and beachmast” instead of hawthorns.
7 Farrow. See Appendix: Wild Boar.
8 G. de F., p. 58, says they wind acorns as well or better than a bear, but nothing about winding a man. See Appendix: Wild Boar.
9 From F. renouveler.
10 See Appendix: Wild Boar.
11 September 14.
12 November 30.
13 Despiteful or furious deeds. G. de F., p. 60, says that he only trusts in his defences and his weapons (“en sa défense et en ses armes”).
14 As this is somewhat confused we have followed G. de F.’s text in the modern rendering.
15 From the French grès, grinding-stone or grinders.
16 G. de F., p. 60, has “fortress” instead of “forest.”
17 After the word “death” a full stop should occur, for in this MS. and, singularly enough, also in the Shirley MS. the following words have been omitted: “They drop their lesses,” continuing “as other swine do.”
18 At this point G. de F., p. 61, adds: “One says of all biting beasts the trace, and of red beasts foot or view, and one can call both one or the other the paths or the fues.”
19 See Appendix: Wild Boar.
CHAPTER VII
OF THE WOLF AND OF HIS NATURE
A WOLF is a common beast enough and therefore I need not tell of his make, for there are few men beyond the sea, that have not seen some of them. They are in their love in February with the females and then be jolly and do in the manner as hounds do, and be in their great heat of love ten or twelve days, and when the bitch is in greatest heat then if there are any wolves in the country they all go after her as hounds do after a bitch when she is jolly. But she will not be lined by any of the wolves save by one. She doth in such a wise that she will lead the wolves for about six or eight days without meat or drink and without sleep for they have so great courage towards her, that they have no wish to eat nor to drink, and when they be full weary she lets them rest until the time that they sleep, and then she claweth him with her foot and waketh him that seemeth to have loved her most, and who hath most laboured for her love, and then they go a great way thence and there he lines her. And therefore men say beyond the seas in some countries when any woman doth amiss, that she is like to the wolf bitch for she taketh to her the worst and the foulest and the most wretched and it is truth that the bitch of the wolf taketh to her the foulest and most wretched, for he hath most laboured and fasted1 for her and is most poor, most lean and most wretched. And this is the cause why men say that the wolf saw never his father and it is truth sometimes but not always, for it happeneth that when she has brought the wolf that she loveth most as I have said, and when the other wolves awaken they follow anon in her track, and if they can find the wolf and the bitch holding together then will all the other wolves run upon him and slay him, and all this is truth in this case. But when in all the country there is but one wolf and one bitch of his kind then this rule cannot be truth.
And sometimes peradventure the other wolves may be awake so late that if the wolf is not fast with the bitch or peradventure he hath left her then he fleeth away from the other wolves, so they slay him not so in this case the first opinion is not true.
They may get young whelps at the year’s end, and then