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chaplain, Samuel Pratt, who taught him his letters and the ‘use of globes, mathematics and Latin’. In addition he was taught French from an early age. He was an unusual, observant child, who would stay quiet for long periods and then suddenly delight people with his ‘shrewd comical expressions’. When he was only three, Anne reported how ‘he sometimes comes out with things that make one laugh’, but unfortunately she considered them the kind of thing ‘what is not worth repeating in a letter’. He never lost this gift, for in later years he would sometimes break a long silence with ‘lively and witty sallies’ that convinced a foreign observer that ‘there was more to this prince than first appeared’.⁹⁷

      Gloucester probably saw more of his parents than most upper-class children of the time. They came to him most mornings, and after he had had his own midday meal he often went to watch them eating their dinner. His aunt and uncle also loved it when he visited, for he ‘pleased the King and Queen much with his pretty jocular sayings’. On one occasion Mary was very amused when she offered him a beautiful bird that belonged to her and he gravely declined it, saying, ‘Madam, I will not rob you of it’. ‘He remembered everything that was talked of, though he did not seem to pay attention at the time’, a manservant of his recalled. ‘He never was told anything of King James, nor of the pretended Prince of Wales’, but somehow acquired an understanding of the troubled family history. When he was five, King William came to Campden House before going abroad on campaign, and the child solemnly offered to let him take his company of boy soldiers to Flanders. He then added that though he would be happy for them to see action against the Turk or the King of France, he did not want them fighting his grandfather. On another occasion he disconcerted Queen Mary by observing ‘his mamma once had guards but now had none’.⁹⁸

      By the end of 1692 Anne was pregnant again. In hopes of bringing her pregnancy to a successful conclusion she began dosing herself with a patent medicine that she had obtained without consulting the doctor. Only George and Sarah were aware that she was taking it, but Anne insisted that since ‘I am no further gone I fancy it can do me no harm’. She explained to Sarah that ‘Being so desirous of children, I would do anything to go on’, and suggested that if the child she was carrying was weak, this course of treatment would ‘comfort and strengthen it’. Sarah evidently expressed concern, but Anne would not listen. ‘I have no manner of apprehensions that the medicine I take will do me any harm, but quite contrary, I am the most pleased with it in the world’, she informed her friend. She added that ‘but that I have had so many misfortunes’, she would feel confident that this time all would be well.⁹⁹

      Whether or not the medicine was in any way responsible, before long Anne was experiencing worrying symptoms. She wrote to Sarah on 19 March 1693 ‘I have been on the rack again this morning’. Although ‘the violence of it has not lasted so long as it did yesterday’, she asked Sarah to summon Dr Radcliffe, for in addition to enduring pain she had had an attack ‘that has frighted me a little’. In some discomfort she had got out of bed that morning and gone to sleep in a chair, only to be woken by a ‘starting and a catching in my limbs. This is a thing which I would not speak of to Sir Charles [Scarborough] nor before my women but only to D[octor] R[adcliffe] … for malicious people will be apt to say I have got fits’. She was right in thinking that something was seriously wrong, for on 24 March she ‘miscarried of a dead daughter’ at Berkeley House.¹⁰⁰

      After Anne’s earlier optimism this latest setback was particularly shattering. To make matters worse, for much of that summer she was plagued by ill health. Sarah was away at St Albans caring for her sick mother, and Anne begged Sarah not to ‘make yourself sick with sitting up and grieving’, fearful that she was denying herself time to eat and sleep. Anne’s hopes of visiting St Albans were frustrated by what was diagnosed as an attack of gout. It is in fact improbable that this was the real problem, as gout is very unusual in pre-menopausal women. Furthermore, gout only affects one joint at a time, but Anne suffered simultaneous pain in more than one place. It is far more likely that she was really suffering from migratory polyarthritis, a key symptom of lupus. For the moment it rendered her incapable of walking and tormented by pain in the hip, but the Princess declared she would ‘with pleasure endure ten thousand fits of the gout’ in order to provide ‘relief to my dear Mrs Freeman’.¹⁰¹

      Sarah’s mother died on 27 July, and Anne wrote to reassure her that she had cared for the old lady in an exemplary fashion throughout her final illness. By this time Anne’s so-called gout was getting better. ‘I have been led about my chamber today and was carried into the garden for a little air’ she reported, ‘and the uneasiness that stirring gives me now is very inconsiderable’. Unfortunately she was then assailed by an attack of piles, but she said she was willing to endure this provided she was spared the far worse pain that had afflicted her earlier.¹⁰²

      At the end of August Anne had grounds for hoping that she was pregnant but she told Sarah rather fatalistically that ‘I do not intend to mind myself any more than when I am sure I am not with child’. True to this resolve she went on a hunting expedition soon after, driving herself in her own chaise, as she was no longer fit enough to ride. She reported that in Sarah’s absence the outing had not been much of a success, but she resolved to do it again ‘for my health’s sake, for besides taking the air one has some exercise, and I intend to use as much as I can’.¹⁰³ Once accustomed to it, she came to enjoy this way of hunting, the only form of outdoor recreation she was capable of pursuing.

      In the late summer of 1693 there were reports that Anne’s former bête noire, the Earl of Sunderland, was on the point of brokering a reconciliation between the Princess and the King and Queen. He had now returned from exile and was acting as minister ‘behind the curtain’ to William III. Bells were rung in celebration after it was rumoured that Anne had gone to see her sister, but the claims proved unfounded. Sunderland only managed to persuade the Earl of Marlborough to stop voting against the government in the House of Lords. Prince George followed Marlborough’s lead, but in other respects the royal feud continued unabated.

      The rift in the royal family weakened the monarchy at a time when it was already far from popular. The war with France was going badly, with the English sustaining heavy losses at land and sea in the summer of 1693. In the circumstances it would have been understandable if William had seized on an opportunity to make peace by offering to make the Prince of Wales his successor. However, when the French made a proposal along these lines at informal peace talks conducted that autumn through a Dutch intermediary, William declared himself offended by the mere suggestion. Soon afterwards negotiations were abandoned.¹⁰⁴

      On 21 January Anne once again ‘miscarried of a dead child’, the fourth such disaster to have occurred since Gloucester’s birth. Bereft at her loss, within a few weeks she became so seriously ‘indisposed of an ague’ that ‘her Majesty, notwithstanding the present unhappy misunderstanding, out of her great affection and kindness sent to enquire how her royal Highness did’. Then the four-year-old Duke of Gloucester went down with an intermittent fever that proved difficult to shake off. In some ways the child manifested an extraordinary resilience, appearing ‘mighty merry and … as well as ever he was in his life’ only an hour after emerging from a prolonged bout of sickness, but Anne still worried that a recurrence would prove fatal. ‘I shall not be at ease till ’tis quite gone’, she wrote to Sarah, and was greatly touched when the Countess offered to come to her side if Gloucester relapsed. ‘Sure there cannot be a greater comfort in one’s misfortunes than to have such a friend!’ the Princess exclaimed gratefully.¹⁰⁵

      That summer Anne rented a house at Twickenham in hopes that the air there would restore both her and her son to full health. She also took a ‘course of steel by Dr Radcliffe’s order’, and this seemed to yield beneficial results, for by August she believed that another baby was on its way. Perhaps suspecting that she had lost her last child by being too active, she went to the other extreme, remaining indoors and taking no exercise at all. She ‘stayed constantly on one floor by her physicians’ advice, lying very much upon a couch to prevent the misfortune of miscarrying’. These precautions failed to prevent her from developing troubling ailments, for towards the end of year she was again limping from pain in her hip.¹⁰⁶

      Anne

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