LITMIR.BIZ

      LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

      James II, when Duke of York, with Anne Hyde and their two daughters, Princess Mary and Princess Anne c. 1674–80. By Sir Peter Lely and Benedetto Gennari. (The Royal Collection © 2011)

      The Lady Anne as a child. Artist Unknown. (Royal Collection © 2011)

      Queen Anne when Princess of Denmark. By Willem Wissing and Jan van der Vaardt. (© Scottish National Portrait Gallery)

      Sarah Churchill (later the Duchess of Marlborough) with Lady Fitzharding, 1691. By Sir Godfrey Kneller. (© Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library)

      Prince George of Denmark on horseback, 1704. By Michael Dahl. (Royal Collection © 2011)

      Princess Anne of Denmark with the Duke of Gloucester, c. 1694. After Kneller (© The National Portrait Gallery, London)

      Queen Mary II. After Willem Wissing. (© The National Portrait Gallery, London)

      William, the Duke of Gloucester, with his friend, Benjamin Bathurst. After Thomas Murray © The National Portrait Gallery, London)

      Queen Anne, 1703. By Edmund Lilly. (© Queen Anne, 1703, Lilly, Edmund (fl.1702–d.1716)/Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library)

      Sidney Godolphin. After Sir Godfrey Kneller. (© The National Portrait Gallery, London)

      The Duke of Marlborough. By Sir Godfrey Kneller. (© The National Portrait Gallery, London)

      Queen Anne with Prince George of Denmark. By Charles Boit, 1706. (Royal Collection © 2011)

      Print of ‘Her Majesties Royal Palace at Kensington’. (© British Museum)

      Tapestry showing the French Marshal Tallard surrendering his baton to the Duke of Marlborough after the Battle of Blenheim in August 1704. (Image reproduced by kind permission of His Grace the Duke of Marlborough, Blenheim Palace Image Library)

      Robert Harley Earl of Oxford. By Jonathan Richardson. (© Private Collection/Photo © Philip Mould Ltd, London/The Bridgeman Art Library)

      Sophia Electress of Hanover. (Royal Collection © 2011)

      Portrait believed to be of Abigail Masham. (© Philip Mould Ltd London/The Bridgeman Art Library)

      Henry St John, Viscount Bolingbroke. By George White, after Thomas Murray. (© The National Portrait Gallery, London)

      Prince James Francis Edward Stuart (the Pretender). Studio of Alexis Simon Belle. (© The National Portrait Gallery, London)

      Anne in the House of Lords. By Peter Tillemanns. (Royal Collection © 2011)

      The Battle of Malplaquet, 11 September 1709, c. 1713. By Louise Laguerre. (© National Army Museum, London/The Bridgeman Art Library)

      Satirical print of Bolingbroke dictating business relating to the Treaty of Utrecht. (© British Museum)

      Queen Anne and the Knights of the Garter. By Peter Angelis. (© The National Portrait Gallery)

      AUTHOR’S NOTE

      For the sake of clarity I have updated spelling and punctuation used in original documents. Furthermore, in almost all cases when Anne or her contemporaries used the abbreviations ‘ye’ and ‘yt’ in their letters, I have modernised the archaic usage by substituting ‘the’ and ‘that’. Very often Anne and her ministers ciphered their letters by substituting numbers for names. In such cases I have omitted the numbers and replaced them with the relevant name in square brackets.

      Throughout Anne’s lifetime, England used the Julian Calendar, while continental Europe followed the Gregorian system. During the seventeenth century, the date in Europe was ten days ahead of England’s; with the start of the eighteenth century the gap between England and Europe widened to a difference of eleven days. When dealing with events that took place in England, I give dates according to the Julian Calendar. However, when describing events that occurred on the Continent, or when quoting letters sent from abroad, I generally give a composite date, separated by a forward slash, indicating the date according to both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Whereas in Stuart England, the calendar year started on 25 March, I have simplified things by taking it to begin on 1 January.

      It is notoriously difficult to compare the value of money in the past with modern monetary values. However, as a very rough guide it should be noted that the National Archives’ Currency Converter Service calculates that £1 in 1710 would have a spending worth of £76.59 in 2005.

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