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more "bobbing to their betters," and the rule of Squire and parson would cease, are largely ironical, and the Socialist appropriation of May Day inspires a long warning to this "new May Day Medusa" – the International – in a "Hymn of Honest Labour" in May, 1892.

      Bidding for the Labour Vote

      Irony predominates, again, in the cynical verses of a year earlier satirizing the tendency of all parties to bid for the Labour vote: —

STRIKING TIMESNew Version of an Old Street Ballad (By a Labouring Elector)

      Cheer up, cheer up, you sons of toil, and listen to my song,

      The times should much amuse you; you are up, and going strong.

      The Working Men of England at length begin to see

      That their parsnips for to butter now the Parties all agree.

Chorus

      It's high time that the Working Men should have it their own way,

      And their prospect of obtaining it grows brighter every day!

      It isn't "Agitators" now, but Parties and M.P.'s,

      Who swear we ought to have our way, and do as we darn please.

      Upon my word it's proper fun! A man should love his neighbour,

      Yet Whigs hate Tories, Tories Whigs; but oh! they all love Labour!

Chorus – It's high time, etc

      There's artful Joey Chamberlain, he looks as hard as nails,

      But when he wants to butter us, the Dorset never fails;

      He lays it on so soft and slab, not to say thick and messy,

      He couldn't flummerify us more were each of us a Jesse!

Chorus – It's high time, etc

      Then roystering Random takes his turn; his treacle's pretty thick;

      He gives the Tories the straight tip – and don't they take it – quick?

      And now, by Jove, it's comical! – where will the fashion end? —

      There's Parnell ups and poses as the genuine Labourer's Friend!

Chorus – It's high time, etc

      Comrades, it makes me chortle. The Election's drawing nigh,

      And Eight Hours' Bills, or anything, they'll promise for to try.

      They'll spout and start Commissions; but, O mighty Labouring Host,

      Mind your eye, and keep it on them, or they'll have you all on toast!

Chorus

      It's high time that the Working Men should have it their own way,

      They'll strain their throats – you mind your votes, and you may find it pay!

      We have now seen Punch more as the critic than the friend of organized Labour, and it will be remembered that even in his most democratic days he evinced a deep-rooted distrust of delegates and Union officials. But there is another side to the picture, in which the old championship of the poor and oppressed is as vigorous and vocal as ever. If Punch was more mistrustful of Trade Unionism, he was at least as unsparing as in his early days in pillorying examples of the greed and tyranny of masters and employers who misused their opportunities of exploiting unorganized or partially organized labour. In the notes made for this section during this period the very first relates to the sinking of the La Plata and the burning of the Cospatrick, two emigrant ships, in 1875, and the indignation felt when it was found that the cargo of the latter vessel was highly inflammable and the boats inadequate in number. The scandal moved Punch to rewrite Dibdin, with compliments to Mr. Plimsoll for his campaign against coffin ships, which had not yet been carried to its successful legislative conclusion. He also published, in January, 1875, a mock inquiry – after the manner of Dickens's Bardell v. Pickwick trial – by shipowners into the loss of the emigrant ship Crossbones. The Court exculpates the offenders after finding that the cargo – containing all sorts of combustible and inflammable materials – was of the most harmless description, adding as a rider that the boats should in future be always launched keel upwards. The old abuse of the "climbing boys" still reared its unsightly head; Lord Shaftesbury, in the debate on his Chimney Sweepers' Bill, in May, 1875, quoted the remark of a master sweep: "In learning a child you can't be soft with him; you must use violence," and Punch enlarged on this text in his best manner. No appeal on behalf of children left him unmoved. When subscriptions were invited in 1878 to lay out a children's playground near St. Peter's, London Docks, he suggests that the fortunate children of the West End should help to give this playground to their less favoured brothers and sisters of the East. As a lover of children, Punch was quick to recognize those who had laboured on their behalf. In the Christmas number of 1879

      George Smith of Coalville

      he tells the life story of George Smith, of Coalville, who began life as a poor lad in the brickfields; worked his way up to the post of foreman and manager; and then devoted his life to calling attention to the cruel overwork and ill-treatment of the children whose labour he had once shared. In spite of neglect, opposition, and obloquy, he secured the passing of an Act which brought these hopeless little outcasts under the eye of Inspectors, limited their hours of labour, and secured them some measure of teaching. Though his action gave grievous offence and he lost his job, he set to work to render a similar service to the children of the bargees, and was the main agent in passing a law for the registration and inspection of canal boats. In these labours he sacrificed not only his time, but his means, and Punch appealed to his readers to contribute to the support of "this practical preacher of good will to man, this friend of the friendless, this helper of those who, till he came, had none to help them."

      Board-School Master: "Now then, boys, we must get to work again!"

      Advanced Scholar: "Please, Sir – mayn't we have somethin' to relieve the craving of 'unger fust?"

      In 1881 the hard time of boys in attendance on weighing machines, said to be on duty for thirteen or fourteen hours a day, aroused Punch's sympathy and ire. Invention, however, rather than philanthropy, furnished a remedy in the "automatics."

      In the same year Punch's appeal for the fund to provide poor children with country holidays, embodied in "The Children's Cry," enabled him to forward £280 to the promoters. In 1885 the "almost formidable success" achieved by the experiment of Poor Children's Play-Rooms, in the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, delighted his heart. In 1888, Punch, in "Cramming versus 'Clemming'" emphasizes the need of providing free meals for poor children. At the very end of the period under review in this volume I have come across a notice of a book purporting to show up the cruelties practised on young people and animals in training them for acrobatic performances. The book was poor as literature, but if true called for searching inquiry. Children have, we may safely assume, been long safeguarded from the mishandling alleged to have been possible in 1892; but at the moment of writing these lines – August 11, 1921 – an inquiry is being held into the treatment of animals by showmen and conjurers.

      Nor was Punch less concerned with the conditions of women workers. In his "Dream of Fair Women " suggested by factory inspectors' reports in 1875, he points to lack of combination among women as the incentive to slave-driving on the part of "foggers." He prefaces a set of verses in October with a passage from a Report on the Black Country: —

      The women are said to take the place of fathers as well as husbands, while the men are idle and drunken… At Bromsgrove I heard also of the growing custom of idle, lazy young lads looking out for skilled industrious wives, in order to obtain an easy life.

      Men, Women and Dogs

      It was, as Punch puts it, an inversion of the old legend of Penthesilea and the Amazons. Women were unsexed by labour and serfdom. As for the men: —

      You loaf, train your whippets, and guzzle and gorge,

      While they sweat at the anvil, and puddle and forge.

      So

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