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2 Green Technologies in Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

       Bisheswar Karmakar and Gopinath Halder

       Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India

2.1 Introduction

      2.1.1 The Necessity for Biodiesel

      The current energy scenario around the world can be summed up as an ever‐increasing demand for energy per capita, while fossilized energy reserves being limited are projected to last less than half a century [1]. Since energy demands cannot be reduced without impacting the advancements in our daily life, the most obvious solution would be to harness renewable sources of energy for consumption and in fuel development. Additionally, the emissions from petrofuels comprise mostly of nitrogen oxides (NO_X), sulphur oxides (SO_X), CO₂, and other potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute massively in global warming and acid rain, causing climate changes and soil acidification [2]. One of the most promising fuels that can meet the exorbitant demands in the transport sector is biodiesel, emitting mostly CO₂. Biodiesel also has zero hydrocarbon, particulate, and smoke release with minimal NOX and SOX emissions.

      2.1.2 Sourcing the Correct Precursor

Biodiesel can be produced from various feedstock, which are broadly classified according to type such as edible oils, nonedible oils, animal fats, and other miscellaneous sources as shown in Table 2.1. The use of edible oils has been discontinued since the growing population needs oil crops for sustenance, and this helps avoid the food vs. fuel dispute [2]. The use of nonedible oil crops is being thoroughly investigated by researchers worldwide, with quite a few crops such as jatropha, castor, karanja, etc. being used for small‐scale commercial production [3–6]. However, most of these crops are available in the tropical and subtropical belt, and, as such, these belts exhibit quite the diversity in flora. They can also be classified according to different generations described as follows:

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