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href="#ulink_68f20df3-24af-5305-95c8-3ae0d8184468">V, concentrates on one-dimensional concepts relevant to thin film PV. It presents a densely populated zoo of various diodes, some quite different from p-n junctions, including the ones that play a significant role in thin film PV operations. It then extends that diode consideration on one-dimensional analysis of solar cells, including some important case studies.

      Part III, made up of sections VI to XIII, takes the consideration beyond one-dimensional physics considering lateral effects, such as shunting, random micro-diodes, weak diodes, etc., addressing both the related theory and observations.

      Part V, formed by sections XIX to XXIV, presents the subject of electro-thermal instabilities in thin film PV starting from the exactly solved two-diode model and current hogging to spontaneously formed hot spots conducive of performance degradation.

      Part VI includes sections XXV to XXVIII and discusses a sensitive issue of device degradation for thin film PV, including both solar cells and PV modules. It then discusses the problematic of accelerated life testing and risk analyses.

      Finally, our book has an Appendix that comprise three parts of methodical value” the validity of in-series representation of complex band diagrams, the nature of saturation current in diode models, and accurate estimates for the electron potential fluctuations.

      We are grateful to many people who have helped us to learn the subjects presented in this book. Our exposure to PV science and industry started with First Solar LLC (Perrysburg, OH) before the year 2000, at which time its research and production groups combined many enthusiastic contributors including H. McMaster, G. Dorer, G. Nelson, R. C. Powell, D. Rose, U. Jayamaha, E. Bykov, T. Maxon, R. Harju, T. Colman, L. McFaul, N. Reiter, T. Kahle, G. Khouri, G. Rich, M. Steel, and many others, to all of whom we are grateful for their intelligent friendly support. We would like as well to acknowledge our interactions with the PV group of the University of Toledo including A.D. Compaan, X. Deng, A. Vijh, D. Giolando, A. Vasko, Y. Roussillon, V. Parikh, L. Attigalle (Cooray), M. Mitra, M. Nardone, X. Li, V. Plotnikov, K. Wieland, and J. Drayton. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the members of CdTe PV National Team at NREL, starting with their remarkable managers K. Zweibel, B. von Roedern, H. Ulllal, and brilliant contributors B. McCandless, D. Albin, V. Kaydanov, T. Ohno, J. Sites, T. Sampath, A. Fahrenbruch, and so many others.

      This book is intended for three readership categories. One is that of graduate and advanced undergraduate students with some understanding of the general physics and familiarity with the basic concepts of condensed matter. We hope that our book will bring to them a flavor of live physics in an informal manner as used by practicing researchers. It may help to open their eyes to a more general fact that the science of physics often evolves in its own ways quite different from those implied by the standard curriculum textbooks, and, for some, to become an evidence that physics can be relevant for PV.

      We identify our third category of readers as the industrial R&D professionals of all levels. Their business responsibilities and hectic environment do not often leave much time to follow the published research and appreciate new concepts. We believe that our book will help the curious readers of that category to broaden their horizons and open new approaches towards technology goals. On top of that, adopting some concepts of our book could create beneficial synergy between physics and solar technology.

      Victor Karpov Diana Shvydka Sylvania, Ohio, USA February 2021

      General and Thin Film PV

      I. Introduction to Thin Film PV

      A number of brilliant texts are readily available describing the general photovoltaic (PV) principles and their classical implementations [1–6], as well as various specifics of thin film PV [7–11], and we are not going to duplicate them in any form. This section will briefly overview main book concepts especially addressing the underlying physics of PV functionality different between the crystalline and thin film devices. Such a synthetic view will help to inter-relate various sides of the physics of thin film PV as a subject of its own.

      A. The Origin of PV. Junctions

Schematic illustration of conceptual design of a solar cell.

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