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This book presents advances in x-ray spectroscopy of plasmas interacting with a laser radiation and laser-induced plasmas. This research is practically important for the quest for the controlled nuclear fusion, for studying matter under extreme conditions, for providing atomic reference data, for laboratory modelling of physical processes in astrophysical objects, and for a better understanding of intense laser-plasma interactions. This book significantly expands the scope of practical applications of x-ray spectroscopy of laser plasmas compared to traditional x-ray diagnostics of laser plasmas. The recent advances presented in this book enable studying the development of Langmuir waves, ion acoustic waves, transverse electromagnetic waves, parametric decay instabilities, as well as the rates of charge exchange between multicharged ions. Key Features Presents novel methods of the x-Ray spectroscopy for both non-relativistic and relativistic laser-plasma interactions Includes novel methods of the x-Ray spectroscopy for measuring ultra-intense magnetic fields in laser plasmas Examines advanced designs of plasma-tunable x-ray lasers Demonstrates various analytical formalisms underlying the advances described in the book

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In the course of only a few decades computers have revolutionized scientific research and more and more scientists are writing computer programs for doing their work. In spite of the ubiquitous use of computers in science, few researchers in the natural sciences have any schooling in computer science, software engineering, or numerical analysis. They usually acquire their computing knowledge «on the job» and often feel overwhelmed by the amount of computing knowledge they must absorb. Computation in Science  provides a background in computation for scientists who use computational methods. The book explains how computing is used in the natural sciences and provides a high-level overview of relevant aspects of computer science and software engineering with a focus on concepts, results, and applications. The goal of this book is to explain these basic principles, and to show how they relate to the tasks of a scientist's daily work in a language familiar to them. Its unique feature is in connecting the dots between computational science, the theory of computation and information, and software engineering. It will compensate for the general lack of any formal training in computer science and information theory allowing readers to achieve a better understand how they use computers in their work, and how computers work. Readers will learn to use computers with more confidence, and to see computing technologies in a different light, evaluating them based on how they contribute to doing science. This new edition has been significantly updated and extended to reflect developments in scientific computing, including new examples and references. It also includes a new chapter on reproducibility which reflects the importance that computational reproducibility. Accompanied by a website maintained by the author, which hosts companion code and supplementary material, it is intended for both graduate students and experienced scientists. Some hands-on experience with computing is highly desirable, but no competence in any specific computing technology is expected. Key Features
Significantly updated and enhanced, including a new chapter on reproducibility, it's one of the first books to include this in the era of the “reproducibility crisis”Updated references to include the latest research resultsAccessible to a broad range of physical and life scientists with no formal training in computingWritten for both graduate students and experienced scientistsSupported by the website http://computation-in-science.khinsen.net/ with updates, links to useful sites and software

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This book is a self-contained and concise introduction to the techniques and applications of path integral quantization and functional techniques, aimed at students and practitioners. The first half of the text focuses on quantum mechanics, including a review of the action formulation of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics in the Dirac operator and state formalism, and further examination of the path integral. The second part examines relativistic field theories, reviewing special relativity, as well as derivation of the path integral representation of the vacuum transition element for quantized scalar, spinor, and vector fields from the coherent state representation of the respective field theories. Key Features Concise introduction to the derivation and methods of path integral approaches to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.Self-contained guide for students and practitioners

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This text provides a concise introduction to non-equilibrium thermodynamics of open, complex systems using a first-principles approach. In the first chapters, the principles of thermodynamics of complex systems are discussed. The subsequent chapters apply the principles to the dynamics of chemical reactions and complex fluids, growth and development of biological organisms, and the dynamics of social structures and institutes. The final chapter discusses the principles of science as an artificial system. The book is a valuable reference text for researchers interested in thermodynamics and complex systems, and useful supplementary reading for graduate courses on advanced thermodynamics, thermodynamics of non-equilibrium systems and thermodynamics of complex/open systems. Key Features   Provides a concise introduction to non-equilibrium thermodynamics of open complex systems, using a first-principles approach Discusses thermodynamics as the universal tool for the description of reality Looks at complex systems, such as biological organisms, populations and subsystems of human society from the perspective of thermodynamics Covers principles, applications and statistical interpretations

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Measurement forms an essential part of our view of the world. Our world is measured and calibrated, and we are all subject to the tyranny of these numbers. In this updated and extended edition, Jeffrey Huw Williams outlines the history of measurement; particularly of the International System of units (SI). Since the previous edition, the base units of the SI have been redefined; realizing a 150-year-old dream for a measurement system based on unchanging, fundamental quantities of nature. This change has created a new SI, a Quantum SI, which will significantly change the way we look at nature in a quantitative manner, and greatly facilitate the advance of science. Key Features   Significantly updated and extended new edition The first book to include the new Quantum SI base unit definitions Features wider societal and philosophical implications of a move away from physical standards Outlines the history of the science of measurement, and the origin of the Metric System More than a textbook of metrology, it is also a history of how we have arrived at the Quantum SI

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In Ramm’s second edition on refraction coefficient the author shares his recipe for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient and solves the many-body wave scattering problem for many small impedance bodies. Technical problems are described which, when solved, make this theory practically applicable. It also provides physical and mathematical arguments for the possibility to produce such particles. Inverse scattering with non-over-determined scattering data is discussed. Revised and expanded, this new edition includes three new chapters: the discussion of technological problems to be solved for immediate applicability for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient; symmetry properties of the solutions to the Helmholtz equation and new results on symmetry properties in harmonic analysis; and theorems in inverse scattering. Key Features   Presents a method for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient Includes a process for creating wave-focusing materials Highlights inverse problems of finding the potential from the non-over-determined scattering data Provides an overview of symmetry properties in scattering theory

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