LITMIR.BIZ

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pronounced as in standard English nor obvious compounds thereof. Slashes bracket phonetic pronunciations, which are to be interpreted using the following conventions:

      1. Syllables are hyphen-separated, except that an accent or back-accent follows each accented syllable (the back-accent marks a secondary accent in some words of four or more syllables).

      2. Consonants are pronounced as in American English. The letter `g' is always hard (as in "got" rather than "giant"); `ch' is soft ("church" rather than "chemist"). The letter `j' is the sound that occurs twice in "judge". The letter `s' is always as in "pass", never a z sound. The digraph `kh' is the guttural of "loch" or "l'chaim".

      3. Uppercase letters are pronounced as their English letter names; thus (for example) /H-L-L/ is equivalent to /aitch el el/. /Z/ may be pronounced /zee/ or /zed/ depending on your local dialect.

      4. Vowels are represented as follows:

      a

       back, that

       ar

       far, mark

       aw

       flaw, caught

       ay

       bake, rain

       e

       less, men

       ee

       easy, ski

       eir

       their, software

       i

       trip, hit

       i:

       life, sky

       o

       father, palm

       oh

       flow, sew

       oo

       loot, through

       or

       more, door

       ow

       out, how

       oy

       boy, coin

       uh

       but, some

       u

       put, foot

       y

       yet, young

       yoo

       few, chew

       [y]oo

       /oo/ with optional fronting as in `news' (/nooz/ or /nyooz/)

      A /*/ is used for the `schwa' sound of unstressed or occluded vowels (the one that is often written with an upside-down `e'). The schwa vowel is omitted in syllables containing vocalic r, l, m or n; that is, `kitten' and `color' would be rendered /kit'n/ and /kuhl'r/, not /kit'*n/ and /kuhl'*r/.

      Entries with a pronunciation of `//' are written-only usages. (No, UNIX weenies, this does *not* mean `pronounce like previous pronunciation'!)

:Other Lexicon Conventions: ===========================

       Table of Contents

      Entries are sorted in case-blind ASCII collation order (rather than the letter-by-letter order ignoring interword spacing common in mainstream dictionaries), except that all entries beginning with nonalphabetic characters are sorted after Z. The case-blindness is a feature, not a bug.

      The beginning of each entry is marked by a colon (`:') at the left margin. This convention helps out tools like hypertext browsers that benefit from knowing where entry boundaries are, but aren't as context-sensitive as humans.

      In pure ASCII renderings of the Jargon File, you will see {} used to bracket words which themselves have entries in the File. This isn't done all the time for every such word, but it is done everywhere that a reminder seems useful that the term has a jargon meaning and one might wish to refer to its entry.

      In this all-ASCII version, headwords for topic entries are distinguished from those for ordinary entries by being followed by "::" rather than ":"; similarly, references are surrounded by "{{" and "}}" rather than "{" and "}".

      Defining instances of terms and phrases appear in `slanted type'. A defining instance is one which occurs near to or as part of an explanation of it.

      Prefix * is used as linguists do; to mark examples of incorrect usage.

      We follow the `logical' quoting convention described in the Writing Style section above. In addition, we reserve double quotes for actual excerpts of text or (sometimes invented) speech. Scare quotes (which mark a word being used in a nonstandard way), and philosopher's quotes (which turn an utterance into the string of letters or words that name it) are both rendered with single quotes.

      References such as `malloc(3)' and `patch(1)' are to UNIX facilities (some of which, such as `patch(1)', are actually freeware distributed over USENET). The UNIX manuals use `foo(n)' to refer to item foo in section (n) of the manual, where n=1 is utilities, n=2 is system calls, n=3 is C library routines, n=6 is games, and n=8 (where present) is system administration utilities. Sections 4, 5, and 7 of the manuals have changed roles frequently and in any case are not referred to in any of the entries.

      Various abbreviations used frequently in the lexicon are summarized here:

      abbrev.

       abbreviation

       adj.

       adjective

       adv.

       adverb

       alt.

       alternate

       cav.

       caveat

       esp.

       especially

       excl.

       exclamation

       imp.

       imperative

       interj.

       interjection

       n.

       noun

       obs.

       obsolete

       pl.

       plural

       poss.

       possibly

       pref.

       prefix

       prob.

       probably

       prov.

       proverbial

       quant.

       quantifier

       suff.

       suffix

       syn.

       synonym (or synonymous with)

       v.

       verb (may be transitive or intransitive)

       var.

       variant

       vi.

       intransitive verb

       vt.

       transitive verb

      Where alternate spellings or pronunciations are given, alt. separates two possibilities with nearly equal distribution, while var. prefixes one that is markedly less common than the primary.

      Where a term can be attributed to a particular subculture or is known to have originated there, we have tried to so indicate. Here is a list of abbreviations used in etymologies:

      Berkeley

       University of California at Berkeley

       Cambridge

       the university in England (*not* the city in Massachusetts where

       MIT happens to be located!)

      

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