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way off! Essentially what I’m suggesting is the ideal language conversation partner, with whom you can practice your newly acquired grammar and vocabulary as if in real life, while having an interesting and engaging conversation!

      CL and TM: How do you judge the potential of Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence for foreign language education?

      NH: These are essentially the latest tools in a long line of digital technology tools. There has been some research into virtual reality (VR) for example, which shows that it can be effective in certain learning contexts, such as vocational training. For English language learning one can imagine VR being used to create slightly more realistic scenarios for role-plays. There has been some interesting work done with VR in teacher education, in which teacher trainees watch 360º recorded videos of themselves carrying out teaching practice with a class, to support post-teaching in-depth reflection (Driver 2018). However, there is no way that VR – or any other technology – is going to revolutionise language learning. There is no one single tool, app, webpage or piece of software or hardware that is going to magically make your students learn English ‘better’. Beware any educational technology vendor who comes along and promises you that their latest VR learning material is what you need to help your students learn more effectively. The research to back up such a claim is simply not there.

      In terms of artificial intelligence, it is already being deployed in tools like chatbots, which have some limited applications to language learning. As pointed out by Fryer et al., “chatbots present a free and ubiquitous source of language interaction for many students learning English as a Foreign Language” (2019: 4). Research into the use of chatbots for language learning shows that they can provide low level learners with exposure to and repetition of grammatical structures, in very limited conversational domains. Nevertheless, students perceive chatbots as a poor substitute for communication with another human being – “[a chatbot’s] lack of emotion, visible cues, and inability to confirm understanding were reported to be some of the major drawbacks to its form of interaction” (Gallacher et al. 2018: 76).

      So AI (in the form of chatbots) may function as a support for limited grammar or vocabulary practice, but currently AI is not complex enough to mimic human interactions in any convincing way, as I mentioned in response to the previous question. In short, I see virtual reality and artificial intelligence as having limited roles within language learning and education. They may make things more engaging and provide additional support or practice for students, but they are not a solution in themselves.

      CL and TM: Thank you, Nicky, for this exciting and insightful dialogue.

      Digital Dynamics of Language Learning and Professional Development

      The Digital Competence of English Language Educators: Exploring the DigCompEdu Framework with an Empirical Case Study

      Christiane Lütge, Thorsten Merse and Xiaoli Su

      Introduction

      Abstract

      The digitalization of schools and classrooms would be unthinkable without the adequate preparation of teachers. It is their digital competence that facilitates a mindful and goal-oriented use of digital technologies and resources, while remaining critical and strategical in view of digital innovations and practices currently underway in education. Yet what exactly does the digital competence of a teacher entail, and what in particular does it mean to be a digitally competent English language teacher? To engage with these questions, this article will present the European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators and explain its orientational function for teachers who are seeking to integrate digital competence into their professional repertoire. With a view to achieving this challenge in EFL classrooms, this article continues to provide an empirical case study that was conducted with over 180 pre-service teachers in a university-based teacher education context. Both the results of this study and the TEFL-specific analysis of the competence framework will finally be used to draw conclusions for the digitally-oriented professional development of teachers.

      Warm-up

       Do you generally welcome the use of digital technology in schools, or are you rather skeptical towards current digital developments? What are the reasons for your opinion?

       What is your experience with using digital resources for your own learning processes? What tools have proven to be useful, and what practices of learning do they facilitate?

       In what ways could the teaching and learning of English benefit from the use of digital technologies and resources? Do you know any applications that are helpful in this regard?

       How digitally competent are you as an educator, be it at the pre-service or in-service stage? Make a list of the competences you already have, and try to assess for yourself how well-developed they are.

       What does the digital EFL classroom of the future, say in 2050, look like, and what is your role as an EFL educator after this time leap?

      1 The Digital Competence of Educators: Avenues into the DigCompEdu Framework

      education in the digital ageWhile large-scale ramifications of ubiquitous digital changes profoundly affect social, working, and civic lives at large and the way people communicate with each other, also teachers see an urgent need to rethink and reconceptualize the objectives and opportunities of teaching and learning in the digital age. Digital transformations in education and the integration of digital technologies into classrooms would indeed be unthinkable without the professional and creative implementation, fostering, and guidance of teachers. Here, teachers can be seen as transformation-oriented agents of change (cf. Viebrock 2018: 52) to model the deep educational shifts brought about by increasingly digitalized educational worlds. At the same time, this poses an immense challenge to teachers, who need to engage in continuous professional development to acquire ever-new competences – in this case, professional digital competences. In view of this unprecedented educational endeavor, what is needed is a structured orientation regarding such questions as what these competences are in the first place, what they entail, and how they can be modeled to affect education positively.

      orientation: the DigCompEdu frameworkSuch orientation is provided by the European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators, also often abbreviated to the simpler DigCompEdu. According to its own description, this 2017 framework – authored by Christine Redecker, edited by Yves Punie, and published through the European Commission – aims at supporting national, regional and local efforts in fostering teachers’ digital competence so that they can “seize the potential of digital technologies for enhancing and innovating education” (Redecker 2017: 8). This joint European effort is then meant to be initiated and achieved through “a common frame of reference, with a common language and logic” (ibid.: 7) that this framework provides. Ultimately – and this stresses the important role and linking function of teachers – the framework seeks to empower learners at all levels by fostering their own digital competence for thriving in their thoroughly digitalized worlds of life and learning (cf. Lütge, Merse & Su 2019: 4–5).

      The background of the DigCompEdu

      The DigCompEdu framework originates in research carried out by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), which is the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. Starting in 2005, the aim of this research was “to provide evidence-based policy support to the European Commission on harnessing the potential of digital technologies to encourage innovation in education and training practices; improve access to lifelong learning, and impart the new (digital) skills and competences needed for employment, personal development and social inclusion” (Redecker 2017: 7). Next to the DigCompEdu framework, this research on digital transformation and corresponding changes in requirements for competences has also provided additional other frameworks, e.g. for the digital competence of citizens (DigComp), educational organizations (DigCompOrg) or consumers (DigCompConsumers).

      digital

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