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(Voosen 2019). Though a different kind of climate worry took hold in the early 1970s, somewhat cooling of earth between 1940 – 1970 due to the post‐war boom of aerosol pollutants which reflected sunlight away from the planet, WMO started to express concern on human‐induced CO₂ emission, global warming, and potential consequences around the same time (i.e. early 1970s). During the 1980s scientific concerns about global warming grew, global temperature increased sharply, and it started to get political attention. As a result, the WMO and UNEP established IPCC under the UN in 1988 to investigate and report on scientific evidence on climate change, potential economic and political impacts, and suggest possible international responses to climate change. Since then, IPCC has been central to the subsequent debates and processes around the development of climate change policies. Since the 1990s, scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded further. Research since the 1990s are summarized in the form of Assessment Reports published in regular interval by IPCC. After the first assessment report (FAR) published in 1990, IPCC has already released five such assessment reports and the sixth assessment report (AR6) is underway. The IPCC FAR in 1990 fed into the drafting of the UNFCCC in 1991, which was later signed by 166 nations at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janerio in 1992 and came into force in 1994.

Table 1.3 Selected international negotiations on climate change in light of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration.

      Source: Updated from Shivakoti BR, and Shrestha S (2014).

Year	CO2 (ppm)*	Major development and outcomes
2015	400.83	Paris Climate Agreement (PCA)
2013	396.66	On May 10, 2013, NOAA and Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO) for the first time detected daily CO2 average concertation temporarily reaching 400 ppm First volume of IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) released
2012	393.87	COP18 sets out a timeline to adopt a universal climate agreement by 2015, to come into effect in 2020
2011	391.74	The Durban Platform for Enhanced Action at COP17: governments clearly recognized the need to draw up the blueprint for a fresh universal, legal agreements to deal with climate change beyond 2020
2010	389.84	Cancun Agreements, drafted and largely accepted by the COP (COP16) – comprehensive measures for mitigation, adaptation, financing, technology transfer and capacity building
2009	387.35	Attended by close to 115 world leaders at the high‐level segment, Copenhagen Accord drafted at COP15 recognizes scientific view on limiting warming below 2°C; countries later submitted emission reduction pledges or mitigation action pledges, all non‐binding developed countries agreed to support a goal of mobilizing US$100 billion a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries
2007	383.93	IPCC fourth assessment report (AR4) released; IPCC awarded 2007 Nobel Peace Prize at the end of the year. At COP13, Parties agreed on the Bail Road Map, which charted the way towards a post‐Kyoto Protocol (KP) outcome.
2006	381.88	Stern Review on the Economics of climate change published – emphasis on early action in mitigation and adaptation; benefits of action outweigh cost of inaction
2005	379.95	Entry into force of the KP
2001	371.30	IPCC Third Assessment Report (AR3) released, Marrakesh Accords adopted at COP7 detailing rules for implementation of the KP
1997	363.73	KP adopted at Conference of Parties 3 (COP3) meeting held in Kyoto – a binding agreement among nations to curb GHG emission through a number of market and non‐market‐based mechanisms
1995	360.80	IPCC Second Assessment Report (SER) released; The first Conference of the Parties (COP1) in Berlin held
1994	358.69	UNFCCC enters into force
1992	356.73	UNFCCC treaty agreed at Rio Earth Summit
1990	354.39	IPCC’s First Assessment Report (FAR) released. IPCC and 2nd World Climate Conference (WCC) call for a global climate change treaty
1988	351.51	IPCC established
1979	336.91	The first WCC held; World Climate Research Program launched
1967	323.04	International Global Atmospheric Research Program established
1958	315.71#	High accuracy measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentration initiated by Charles David Keeling at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii
1800‐1870	290 (around) #	Beginning of Industrial Revolution

^* Average annual atmospheric CO ₂ concentration (ppm) observed at Mauna Loa Observatory, Accessed on 24^th April, 2020 from: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/data/index.php?parameter_name=Carbon%2BDioxide&site=MLO

^# Values are taken from Shivakoti and Shrestha ( 2014 ).

The government leaders continued discussion on potential ways to curb the GHG emissions to prevent dire consequences of climate change and finally reached the first global agreement to reduce GHG emissions in 1997, which is popularly known as the “Kyoto Protocol”. Unfortunately, USA withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 citing the concerns that the deal would hurt the US economy. IPCC published its third assessment report (TAR) in the same year saying that global warming is “very likely” with highly damaging future impacts. Al Gore, the former vice president of USA, put political weight on the climate change through a film titled “An Inconvenient Truth”, and Mr. Gore won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, jointly shared with IPCC, for his work on climate change. By 2007, 2008, and 2009 the existence and dangers of climate change were increasingly recognized with growing scientific evidence

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