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hold,

       Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a

       significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both

       sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress

       toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey imposed an economic blockade on

       Armenia and closed the common border because of the Armenian

       occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas.

      Geography Armenia

      Location:

       Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

      Geographic coordinates:

       40 00 N, 45 00 E

      Map references:

       Asia

      Area:

       total: 29,800 sq km

       water: 1,400 sq km

       land: 28,400 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       slightly smaller than Maryland

      Land boundaries:

       total: 1,254 km

       border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan

       exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

      Coastline:

       0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims:

       none (landlocked)

      Climate:

       highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

      Terrain:

       Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing

       rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Debed River 400 m

       highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m

      Natural resources:

       small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

      Land use: arable land: 17.55% permanent crops: 2.3% other: 80.15% (2001)

      Irrigated land:

       2,870 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

      Environment - current issues:

       soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis

       of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for

       firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the

       draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a

       source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of

       Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a

       seismically active zone

      Environment - international agreements:

       party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

       Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

       Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

       signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

      Geography - note:

       landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake

       Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range

      People Armenia

      Population:

       2,991,360

       note: Armenia's first census since independence was conducted in

       October 2001 (July 2004 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 22.7% (male 357,094; female 323,396)

       15–64 years: 66.7% (male 929,719; female 1,065,505)

       65 years and over: 10.6% (male 128,027; female 187,619) (2004 est.)

      Median age:

       total: 29.7 years

       male: 27.1 years

       female: 32.4 years (2004 est.)

      Population growth rate:

       −0.32% (2004 est.)

      Birth rate:

       11.43 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

      Death rate:

       8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

      Net migration rate:

       −6.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.18 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

       total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

      Infant mortality rate:

       total: 24.16 deaths/1,000 live births

       female: 18.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)

       male: 29.32 deaths/1,000 live births

      Life expectancy at birth:

       total population: 71.23 years

       male: 67.73 years

       female: 75.36 years (2004 est.)

      Total fertility rate:

       1.31 children born/woman (2004 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

       0.1% (2003 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

       2,600 (2003 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - deaths:

       less than 200 (2003 est.)

      Nationality:

       noun: Armenian(s)

       adjective: Armenian

      Ethnic groups:

       Armenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 4%

       (2002)

       note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from

       Armenia

      Religions:

       Armenian Apostolic 94%, other Christian 4%, Yezidi

       (Zoroastrian/animist) 2%

      Languages:

       Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%

      Literacy:

       definition: age 15 and over can read and write

       total population: 98.6%

       male: 99.4%

       female: 98% (2003 est.)

      Government Armenia

      Country name:

       conventional long form: Republic of Armenia

       conventional short form: Armenia

       local short form: Hayastan

       former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic

       local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun

      Government type:

       republic

      Capital:

      

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