LITMIR.BIZ

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of the profession —a freelance, must first of all comprehend the journalistic attitude. The freelance, the sender-in of unsolicited contributions, offers his wares in a market to which he has not been invited, a market which in theory does not want him. He must therefore, if he hopes to do any business, devote all his efforts to finding out what the real needs of the market are. Now journalism, as practised to-day, is quite a modem invention. In the history of no art, perhaps, has there been a change so sudden and so fundamental as that which separates the journalism of twenty-five years ago from the journalism of the present time. Modern daily journalism was invented by Mr. W. T. Stead, on the Pall Mall Gazette, and further developed by Mr. T. P. O’Connor on the Star. After a short interval it was carried a step further by Mr. Alfred Harmsworth on the Daily Mail These three men have been or are the great revolutionary forces in daily journalism. Their influence has affected all that branch of journalism, whether daily, weekly, or monthly, which deals with current events and leads or expresses public opinion. The other branch, that which has no “views” on anything, and merely seeks to entertain, owes its form to Sir George Newnes, who hit on the idea of Tit-Bits. Every characteristic of modern journalism can be traced back to one of the four papers I have mentioned. The Daily Mail was an ingenious and entirely logical combination of the other three, and its success has been the justification of the logic which evolved it.

      The difference between the old and the new journalism is twofold, and lies partly in the journal’s attitude to its readers, and partly in its attitude to the world. The old journalism said to itself, in effect, when it wrote its copy: “This is what our readers ought to like. This is good for them. This is genuinely important. This ought to interest This cannot be omitted. This is our expert opinion on a vital affair—” And so on. The new journalism says to itself: “Will our readers like this, will they be interested in it? Let us not forget that our readers are ignorant, ill-informed, impatient under intellectual strain, and not anxiously concerned about many really vital matters. Let us remember that they live chiefly for themselves and for the moment; that in fact they are human. Let us look the situation in the face and decide whether our readers—not as they ought to be, but as they actually are—will read and be interested in this thing. If they won’t, however excellent it may be, it is of no use to us.” Again, the old journalism considered that many aspects of life were beneath its notice. The old journalism ignored nearly everything except politics, law, trade, and the arts. The new journalism ignores nothing, considers nothing beneath its notice. Everything that is human is good enough for the new jour nalism, and the more human it is, the more warmly does the new journalism welcome it.

      The general effect of the new journalism is mixed. By sheer skill it has invested with interest a number of topics that once were hopelessly dull, and has thus brilliantly compelled the average man to acquire useful information and to form views on subjects which formerly he ignored. In short, it has educated the average man. On the other hand, its growing tendency to pander unduly to the prejudices and the intellectual laziness of the average man is thoroughly bad.

      The business of the journalistic aspirant, however, is not to criticise tendencies but to follow them. And the freelance must do a little more than follow them; he must overtake them and pass them. The watchwords of modern journalism are Freshness, Brightness, and Human Interest. The efforts of the freelance, therefore, since they have to attract notice in a crowd, must be very fresh, very bright, very full of human interest.

      The whole philosophy of the freelance can be summarised under three heads or maxims:—

      (1) Not the sort of thing that I want to write, but the sort of thing that the public wants to read!

      (2) Every department of life, no matter how apparently commonplace, has its interesting side. As a freelance it is my business to see that side and to utilise it.

      (3) Every good new thing is saleable, but the proper market must be found for it

      The Sorts of Journals.

      Let us imagine the journalistic aspirant standing in front of the bookstall at Charing Cross Station. He sees before him a very large representative selection of all branches of the English press, so large, indeed, and so various as to be extremely confusing and rather terrifying. The aspirant says to himself: “Most of these papers are prepared to buy contributions from outsiders. Probably most of the numbers actually on this stall contain unsolicited articles that were offered by freelances. I too wish to be a freelance, and to send in articles that will be accepted and paid for. How am I to begin?”

      He must begin by classifying and studying the papers at a reading-room, and deciding which paper, or which kind of paper, he will first attack. His immediate aim in life is now to get an article into a paper. He must therefore sink all his own preferences, vanities, scruples, and prejudices, all his little notions about what the art of journalism ought to be, and deliberately practise the art of journalism as it is. He must be entirely worldly, entirely possessed by the idea of getting money in exchange for an article— not for the sake of the money, but because money is the sole proof of success in the enterprise. After he has made money he will have plenty of time in which to endeavour to improve the tone of journalism and preach his own particular fancies. As works of reference in this department, he should have either Sell’s Dictionary of the World's Press (7s. 6d), or, more compact and compendious, Willing’s Press Guide (is.). These two volumes give all addresses, dates of publication, &c. The Literary Year-Book (published by Mr. George Allen, 3s. 6d.) gives some useful particulars as to the requirements and methods of certain monthly magazines, obtained direct from the editors.

      The class of paper first to be mentioned is the popular penny weekly, of which the chief examples are Tit-Bits, Pearson's Weekly, and Answers. Others might be named, such as Harmsworth's Penny Magazine, but this triad are far in advance of all rivals; their leading position has often been assailed, but never seriously menaced. They constitute a suitable field for the early efforts of the aspirant, who should examine their pages with care. Broadly speaking, the popular weekly proceeds upon the principle that, although one half the world does not know how the other half lives, it would like to know. The popular weekly prints articles of which the titles begin with “How”—“How milk is adulterated,” “How streets are washed,” “How a public company is floated.” Or it throws the light of its lantern on out-of-the-way occupations — “An Hour with a Horse - Dentist,” “The Apprenticeship of a Steeple-jack.” Or it collects together curious facts of a sort— “Crimes of Crossing-Sweepers,” “Dogs who have brought Disaster,” “Mill-girls who have become Marchionesses.” Again, it prints mildly humorous sketches of social life, especially quarrels and reconciliations of married and betrothed persons. The aspirant may discover other features of the popular weekly for himself. He must not, if he happen to have a refined literary taste, despise the popular weekly. In nine cases out of ten, he may take it for granted that if he cannot please this class of paper he can please no other class. The popular weekly does not demand a high literary standard. And it pays very well—a guinea a column of five to seven hundred words, and sometimes two guineas.

      It is most important that the aspirant should note the maximum length of the articles printed in every paper. The popular weekly, for instance, does not as a rule want anything over a thousand words in length. The first consideration with every editor is the length of the article submitted. If it is too long or too short, it may be the finest article in the world, but it will be refused. The aspirant should always count the number of words in his articles.

      A secondary class of popular penny weeklies is now formed by M. A. P. and T.P.'s Weekly, both of which appeal to a slightly higher order of intelligence than the Tit-Bits class. M. A. P. desires personal paragraphs. And here I must quote from Mr. J. M. Barrie’s novel of journalistic life, When a Maris Single, which every aspirant should read. A clever journalist in that book remarks to a beginner: “An editor tosses aside your column and a half about evolution, but is glad to have a paragraph saying that you saw Herbert Spencer the day before yesterday gazing solemnly for ten minutes in a milliner’s window.” T.P.'s Weekly has a literary cast Both - these papers offer opportunities to the enterprising tyro.

      I come next to the daily papers. Of the penny morning papers the Daily Chronicle and the Daily News are the most hospitable

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