LITMIR.BIZ

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to cope with and adapt to stress, (d) what linkages exist between parental stress and the adjustment (or maladjustment) of parents and children, and (e) what strategies exist for controlling and reducing adverse parental stress. This approach helps one understand the wide range of circumstances varying from highly disruptive crises, to chronic stress, to normative challenges, and increases our understanding about how parental stress applies to both individuals and families.

      In Chapter 5, Kami Gallus and Briana Nelson Goff present the varied challenges and processes facing families who have members with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Because of the complex terminology associated with this area of research, the authors first present an overview of terms used to describe individuals and families with special health-care needs. Gallus and Nelson Goff go on to present current research specific to this population and discuss relevant theoretical frameworks that can be used to better understand these families in their unique contexts. They also examine various family subsystems as well as several external resources available to families with special health-care needs.

      Abbie Goldberg and Nora McCormick, in Chapter 6, discuss the challenges confronting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals as well as LGBQ-parent families. Using an ecological or systems approach, the authors review the situational and contextual forces that impact these populations as they move through the life course. These include issues surrounding “coming out,” forming and maintaining intimate relationships, barriers faced in becoming parents, and the stressors related to relationships with their families of origin, schools, and the health-care system. Finally, Goldberg and McCormick present implications for professionals with regard to supporting LGBQ-parent families.

      Áine Humble, in Chapter 7, focuses on individual and family challenges that result from aging. She frames the chapter around the concept of an “aging family” which pertains to the relationships, transitions, and social support networks of older family members. Using both ecological systems theory and the ABC-X model of family stress, Humble examines stressful events commonly associated with aging. Specifically, she focuses on two major transitional events that occur in later life: retirement and caregiving. The unfortunate experience of elder abuse is also discussed as is the stressors associated with skipped generation families. Finally, adaptive and coping strategies applied by individuals and their families in later life are also reviewed.

      In Chapter 8, David Demo and Mark Fine provide a comprehensive overview of current research on divorce and its consequences for individuals and families. They use the divorce variation and fluidity model, an integrated process model, to illustrate the variability in which families experience divorce but also to explore how adjustment to divorce changes over time. Demo and Fine go on to describe historical trends and sociocultural patterns to provide a current context for divorce as well as present factors that may predict or cause divorce. Finally, interventions (i.e., parent education, divorce mediation) that may facilitate divorce adjustment are presented.

      In Chapter 9, Chelsea Garneau and Braquel Egginton discuss the stressors associated with remarriage and stepfamily life. They provide a background on the terms and definitions of stepfamilies as well as present the prevalence and demographic characteristics of stepfamilies in general. Using a family systems perspective, they identify sources of stress within the larger family system and the various stepfamily subsystems (i.e., couples, parent, parent–child, stepparent–stepchild, and sibling subsystems) as well as the most common characteristics of resilient stepfamilies. Finally, Garneau and Egginton discuss psychoeducational and clinical approaches to easing stepfamily adjustment.

      Bertranna Muruthi, Hyoun Kim, James Muruthi, and Jaehee Kim discuss, in Chapter 10, various aspects of resilience and adversity that immigrant families to the United States may experience. Using a family resilience framework, they highlight the importance of interactions among individuals within families, communities and the broader exosystemic contexts. The authors focus on how family processes (belief systems, organizational patterns and communications patterns) interact with broader sociostructural factors and influence immigrant families’ adaption processes. They highlight the complexity of legal issues, such as various statuses and identities (e.g., undocumented, refugees, citizen children) among individuals and within families. The authors also highlight acculturation, adjustment of immigrant children, interparental conflict, parent–child conflict, and issues related to physical and mental health.

      In Chapter 11, Suzanne Bartholomae and Jonathan Fox address the impact of economic stress on families using the family stress model (FSM) as a framework. The authors discuss ways that economic stress is measured and defined and review the current economic conditions of the American family. They discuss outcomes associated with economic stress, including a review of the research on economic well-being and its interaction with resources and problem solving. Finally, using a family economic life cycle, they examine family financial planning as a coping strategy to combat negative economic events.

      In Chapter 12, Anthony James, Veronica Barrios, Roudi Roy, and Soyoung Lee discuss the stress-related experiences and responses that families encounter across the three largest ethnic minority groups (e.g., African American, Asian American, and Latinx American). The authors begin by reviewing both the ABC-X model and the SFS model to promote an understanding of family stress in the context of race or ethnicity. Case studies are then presented throughout the chapter that incorporate example stressors such as managing transnational families, cultural parenting expectations, and interactions with law enforcement. These scenarios illustrate how race and ethnicity can influence family stress processes across different cultural groups in the United States.

      Kyung-Hee Lee and Shelly McDermid Wadsworth, in Chapter 13, use the life-course perspective to examine the impact of military life on individuals and families. By employing this framework, concepts such as historical time, transitions, timing, and linked lives are used to help facilitate an understanding of the stressors experienced by, and the resources available to veterans and their families. The authors first situate current wars and veterans in historical context followed by a discussion of the individual and family transitions that veterans, their spouses, and their children encounter. Finally, three interventions that target the challenges veterans and their families often encounter are introduced.

      In Chapter 14, Margaret O’Dougherty Wright and Lucy Allbaugh discuss child maltreatment from an ecological and systems perspective placing considerable emphasis on adaptation and resilience of maltreated children. Data from longitudinal studies are used to examine both risk and protective factors that result in the diversity of outcomes found among maltreated children. Specifically, the chapter highlights what is known about factors that heighten risk for psychopathology and behavioral dysfunction following child maltreatment, as well as factors that promote positive adaptation and that protect against adverse, enduring effects. Promising interventions to foster resilience and recovery following child maltreatment are also reviewed.

      Lyndal Khaw, in Chapter 15, provides a comprehensive overview of intimate partner violence (IPV). She describes several types of IPV recognizing the disparities that exist in the definitions, measures, and methods researchers employ to study this dimension of domestic violence. In an attempt to facilitate a better understanding of IPV, Khaw presents several theoretical explanations for why this violence takes place and effectively applies a simplified version of the contextual model of family stress to illustrate its complexity. Additional topics of importance to this area of research, such as same-sex relationships, male victimization, and the process of leaving an abusive partner are also addressed.

      In

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