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(стресс) достигает величины, достаточной, чтобы возникла угроза коренного изменения главных структур данной системы. Система при этом сохраняется, восприняв этот стресс и распределив его между своими подсистемами. Катастрофа (catastrophe) – событие, происходящее в истории какой-либо системы, когда стресс достаточно велик, чтобы вызвать коренное изменение главных структур системы; подсистемы уже не могут поглотить весь этот стресс, но сохраняются, хотя сама система распадается. В таких случаях место разрушенной системы впоследствии занимает новая, модифицированная система. Катаклизм (cataclysm) – событие в истории системы, когда стресс достаточен, чтобы вызвать коренное изменение главных структур системы, и вся система, и её подсистемы разрушаются.

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