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it is better to be sparing than extravagant. In the ceremonies of mourning, it is better that there be deep sorrow than in minute attention to observances.”

      The Master said, “The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them.”

      The chief of the Chi family was about to sacrifice to the T’ai mountain. The Master said to Zan Yu, “Can you not save him from this?” He answered, “I cannot.” Confucius said, “Alas! will you say that the T’ai mountain is not so discerning as Lin Fang?”

      The Master said, “The student of virtue has no contentions. If it be said he cannot avoid them, shall this be in archery? But he bows complaisantly to his competitors; thus he ascends the hall, descends, and exacts the forfeit of drinking. In his contention, he is still the Chun-tsze.”

      Tsze-hsia asked, saying, “What is the meaning of the passage-’The pretty dimples of her artful smile! The well-defined black and white of her eye! The plain ground for the colors?’”

      The Master said, “The business of laying on the colors follows the preparation of the plain ground.”

      “Ceremonies then are a subsequent thing?” The Master said, “It is Shang who can bring out my meaning. Now I can begin to talk about the odes with him.”

      The Master said, “I could describe the ceremonies of the Hsia dynasty, but Chi cannot sufficiently attest my words. I could describe the ceremonies of the Yin dynasty, but Sung cannot sufficiently attest my words. (They cannot do so) because of the insufficiency of their records and wise men. If those were sufficient, I could adduce them in support of my words.”

      The Master said, “At the great sacrifice, after the pouring out of the libation, I have no wish to look on.”

      Some one asked the meaning of the great sacrifice. The Master said, “I do not know. He who knew its meaning would find it as easy to govern the kingdom as to look on this”-pointing to his palm.

      He sacrificed to the dead, as if they were present. He sacrificed to the spirits, as if the spirits were present.

      The Master said, “I consider my not being present at the sacrifice, as if I did not sacrifice.”

      Wang-sun Chia asked, saying, “What is the meaning of the saying, ‘It is better to pay court to the furnace then to the southwest corner?’”

      The Master said, “Not so. He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray.”

      The Master said, “Chau had the advantage of viewing the two past dynasties. How complete and elegant are its regulations! I follow Chau.”

      The Master, when he entered the grand temple, asked about everything. Some one said, “Who say that the son of the man of Tsau knows the rules of propriety! He has entered the grand temple and asks about everything.” The Master heard the remark, and said, “This is a rule of propriety.”

      The Master said, “In archery it is not going through the leather which is the principal thing; —because people’s strength is not equal. This was the old way.”

      Tsze-kung wished to do away with the offering of a sheep connected with the inauguration of the first day of each month.

      The Master said, “Ts’ze, you love the sheep; I love the ceremony.”

      The Master said, “The full observance of the rules of propriety in serving one’s prince is accounted by people to be flattery.”

      The Duke Ting asked how a prince should employ his ministers, and how ministers should serve their prince. Confucius replied, “A prince should employ his minister according to according to the rules of propriety; ministers should serve their prince with faithfulness.”

      The Master said, “The Kwan Tsu is expressive of enjoyment without being licentious, and of grief without being hurtfully excessive.”

      The Duke Ai asked Tsai Wo about the altars of the spirits of the land. Tsai Wo replied, “The Hsia sovereign planted the pine tree about them; the men of the Yin planted the cypress; and the men of the Chau planted the chestnut tree, meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe.”

      When the Master heard it, he said, “Things that are done, it is needless to speak about; things that have had their course, it is needless to remonstrate about; things that are past, it is needless to blame.”

      The Master said, “Small indeed was the capacity of Kwan Chung!”

      Some one said, “Was Kwan Chung parsimonious?” “Kwan,” was the reply, “had the San Kwei, and his officers performed no double duties; how can he be considered parsimonious?”

      “Then, did Kwan Chung know the rules of propriety?” The Master said, “The princes of States have a screen intercepting the view at their gates. Kwan had likewise a screen at his gate. The princes of States on any friendly meeting between two of them, had a stand on which to place their inverted cups. Kwan had also such a stand. If Kwan knew the rules of propriety, who does not know them?”

      The Master instructing the grand music master of Lu said, “How to play music may be known. At the commencement of the piece, all the parts should sound together. As it proceeds, they should be in harmony while severally distinct and flowing without break, and thus on to the conclusion.”

      The border warden at Yi requested to be introduced to the Master, saying, “When men of superior virtue have come to this, I have never been denied the privilege of seeing them.” The followers of the sage introduced him, and when he came out from the interview, he said, “My friends, why are you distressed by your master’s loss of office? The kingdom has long been without the principles of truth and right; Heaven is going to use your master as a bell with its wooden tongue.”

      The Master said of the Shao that it was perfectly beautiful and also perfectly good. He said of the Wu that it was perfectly beautiful but not perfectly good.

      The Master said, “High station filled without indulgent generosity; ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted without sorrow; —wherewith should I contemplate such ways?”

      .,

B OOK IV: LE JIN

      THE MASTER SAID, “IT IS VIRTUOUS MANNERS WHICH CONSTITUTE THE excellence of a neighborhood. If a man in selecting a residence do not fix on one where such prevail, how can he be wise?”

      The Master said, “Those who are without virtue cannot abide long either in a condition of poverty and hardship, or in a condition of enjoyment. The virtuous rest in virtue; the wise desire virtue.”

      The Master said, “It is only the (truly) virtuous man, who can love, or who can hate, others.”

      The Master said, “If the will be set on virtue, there will be no practice of wickedness.”

      The Master said, “Riches and honors are what men desire. If they cannot be obtained in the proper way, they should not be held. Poverty and meanness are what men dislike. If they cannot be avoided in the proper way, they should not be avoided.

      “If a superior man abandon virtue, how can he fulfill the requirements of that name?

      “The superior man does not, even for the space of a single meal, act contrary to virtue. In moments of haste, he cleaves to it. In seasons of danger, he cleaves to it.”

      The Master said, “I have not seen a person who loved virtue, or one who hated what was not virtuous. He who loved virtue, would esteem nothing above it. He who hated what is not virtuous, would practice virtue in such a way that he would not allow anything that is not virtuous to approach his person.

      “Is any one able for one day to apply his strength to virtue? I have not seen the case in which his

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