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cause which will readily be apprehended by those who are

       intimately acquainted with the Roman jurisprudence. From the

       most remote period of their history, the Romans had

       conceived extreme horror against all nocturnal meetings of a

       secret and mysterious nature. A law prohibiting nightly

       vigils in a temple has even been ascribed, perhaps with

       little probability, to the founder of their state. The laws

       of the twelve tables declared it a capital offence to attend

       nocturnal assemblies in the city. This, then, being the

       spirit of the law, it is obvious that the nocturnal meetings

       of the primitive Christians must have rendered them objects

       of peculiar suspicion, and exposed them to the animadversion

       of the magistrate. It was during the night that they usually

       held their most solemn and religious assemblies; for a

       practice which may be supposed to have arisen from their

       fears, seems to have been continued from the operation of

       other causes. Misunderstanding the purport of certain

       passages of Scripture, they were …

      'For the wisdom of the world is bad, but folly is good*,'

      "The world, according to Moses, was created at a certain time, and has from its commencement existed for a period far short of ten thousand years—The world, however, is without a beginning; in consequence of which there have been from all eternity many conflagrations, and many deluges, among the latter of which the most recent is that of Deucalion**.

      … led to imagine that the second advent, of which they lived

       in constant expectation, would take place during the night;

       and they were accustomed to celebrate nightly vigils at the

       tombs of the saints and martyrs. In this case, therefore,

       they incurred no penalties peculiar to the votaries of a new

       religion, but only such as equally attached to those who,

       professing the public religion of the state, were yet guilty

       of this undoubted violation of its laws."—Observations on

       the Study of the Civil Law, by Dr. Irving, Edin. 1820. p.

       11.

      "It is not true that the primitive Christians held their assemblies in the night time to avoid the interruptions of the civil power: but the converse of that proposition is true in the utmost latitude; viz. that they met with molestations from that quarter, because their assemblies were nocturnal."—Elements of Civil Law, by Dr. Taylor, p. 579.

      * See Erasmus's Praise of Folly, towards the end.

       ** See on this subject the Tinusus of Plato.

      "Goatherds and shepherds among the Jews, following Moses as their leader, and being allured by rustic deceptions, conceived that there is [only] one God.

      "These goatherds and shepherds were of opinion that there is one God, whether they delight to call him the Most High, or Adonai, or Celestial, or Sabaoth, or to celebrate by any other name the fabricator of this world*; for they knew nothing farther. For it is of no consequence, whether the God who is above all things, is denominated, after the accustomed manner of the Greeks, Jupiter, or is called by any other name, such as that which is given to him by the Indians or Egyptians."

      Celsus, assuming the person of a Jew, represents him as speaking to Jesus, and reprehending him for many things. And in the first place he reproaches him with feigning that he was born of a virgin; and says, that to his disgrace he was born in a Judaic village from a poor Jewess, who obtained the means

      * In the original there is nothing more than [—Greek—] i.

       e. this world; but it is necessary to read, conformably to

       the above translation, [—Greek—]. For the Jews did not

       celebrate the world, but the Maker of the world, by these

       names.

      of subsistence by manual labour. He adds, That she was abandoned by her husband, who was a carpenter, because she had been found by him to have committed adultery. Hence, in consequence of being expelled by her husband, becoming an ignominious vagabond, she was secretly delivered of Jesus, who, through poverty being obliged to serve as a hireling in Egypt, learnt there certain arts for which the Egyptians are famous. Afterwards, returning from thence, he thought so highly of himself, on account of the possession of these [magical] arts, as to proclaim himself to be a God. Celsus also adds, That the mother of Jesus became pregnant with him through a soldier, whose name was Panthera*.

      "Was therefore the mother of Jesus beautiful, and was God connected with her on account of her beauty, though he is not adapted to be in love with a corruptible body? Or is it not absurd to suppose that God would be enamoured of a woman who was neither fortunate nor of royal extraction, nor even scarcely known to her neighbours; and who was also hated and ejected by the carpenter her

      * The same thing is said of Jesus in a work called "The

       Gospel according to the Jews, or Toldoth Jesu." See Chap. I.

       and II. of that work.

      husband, so as neither to be saved by her own credulity nor by divine power? These things, therefore, do not at all pertain to the kingdom of God."

      Celsus, again personifying a Jew, says to Christ, "When you were washed by John, you say that the spectre of a bird flew to you from the air. But what witness worthy of belief saw this spectre? Or who heard a voice from heaven, adopting you for a son of God, except yourself, and some one of your associates, who was equally a partaker of your wickedness and punishment?

      "Jesus having collected as his associates ten or eleven infamous men, consisting of the most wicked publicans and sailors, fled into different places, obtaining food with difficulty, and in a disgraceful manner."

      Again, in the person of a Jew, Celsus says to Christ, "What occasion was there, while you were yet an infant, that you should be brought to Egypt, in order that you might not be slain? For it was not fit that a God should be afraid of death. But an angel came from heaven, ordering you and your associates to fly, lest being taken you should be put to death. For the great God [it seems] could not

      preserve you, his own son, m your own country, but sent two angels on your account."

      The same Jew in Celsus also adds, "Though we do not believe in the ancient fables, which ascribe a divine origin to Perseus, Amphion, Æacus, and Minos, yet at the same time their deeds are demonstrated to be mighty and admirable, and truly superhuman, in order that what is narrated of their origin may not appear to be improbable." But (speak-ing to Jesus) he says, "What beautiful or admirable thing have you said or done, though you was (sp) called upon in the temple to give some manifest sign that you were the son of God?"

      Celsus, pretending not to disbelieve in the miracles ascribed to Christ, says to him, "Let us grant that these things were performed by you; but they are common with the works of enchanters, who promise to effect more wonderful deeds than these, and also with what those who have been taught by the Egyptians to perform in the middle of the forum for a few oboli; such as expelling dæmons from men, dissipating diseases by a puff, evocating the souls of heroes, exhibiting sumptuous suppers, and tables covered with food, which have no reality. These magicians also represent animals as moving, which are not in reality animals, but merely appear

      to the imagination to be such.—Is it fit, therefore» that we should believe these men to be the sons of God, because they worked these wonders? Or ought we not rather to say, that these are the arts of depraved and unhappy men!"

      Again

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