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      The sack-back gown or robe à la française was a women's fashion of the 18th century. At the beginning of the century, the sack-back gown was a very informal style of dress. At its most informal, it was unfitted both front and back and called a sacque or contouche. By the 1770s the sack-back gown was second only to court dress in its formality. This style of gown had fabric at the back arranged in box pleats which fell loose from the shoulder to the floor with a slight train. In front, the gown was open, showing off a decorative stomacher and petticoat. It would have been worn with a wide square hoop or panniers under the petticoat. Scalloped ruffles often trimmed elbow-length sleeves, which were worn with separate frills called engage antes.

      The loose box pleats which are a feature of this style are sometimes called Watteau pleats from their appearance in the paintings of Antoine Watteau. The various Watteau terms, such as Watteau pleat, Watteau back, Watteau gown etc., date from the mid19th century rather than reflecting authentic 18th century terminology, and normally describe 19th and 20th century revivals of the sack-back.

      → «Мода – это то, что выходит из моды». (Коко Шанель).

      → «Мода проходит, стиль остается». (Коко Шанель).

      → «Самая важная деталь в платье – женщина, которая его носит». (Ив Сен Лоран).

      → «Хорошо одетый человек тот, кто считается с собой и с другими». (Пьер Карден).

      → «Я люблю, когда мода выходит на улицу, но не допускаю, чтобы она приходила оттуда». (Коко Шанель).

      This period saw the final abandonment of lace, embroidery, and other embellishment from serious men's clothing outside of formalized court dress – it would not reappear except as an affectation of Aesthetic dress in the 1880s and its successor, the "Young Edwardian" look of the 1960s. Instead, cut and tailoring became much more important as an indicator of quality.

      This was also the period of the rise of hair wax for styling men's hair, as well as mutton chops as a style of facial hair.

      Breeches became longer – tightly fitted leather riding breeches reached almost to the boot tops – and were replaced by pantaloons or trousers for fashionable street wear. Coats were cutaway in front with long skirts or tails behind, and had tall standing collars. The lapels featured an M-shaped notch unique to the period.

       Figure. Pierre Seriziat in riding dress, 1795. His snug leather breeches have a tie and buttons at the knee and a fall front. The white waiscoat is double-breasted, a popular style at this time. His tall hat is slightly conical.

      Shirts were made of linen, had attached collars, and were worn with stocks or wrapped in a cravat tied in various fashions. Pleated frills at the cuffs and front opening went out of fashion by the end of the period.

      Waistcoats were relatively high-waisted, and squared off at the bottom, but came in a broad variety of styles. They were often double-breasted, with wide lapels and stand collars. High-collared white waistcoats were fashionable until 1815, then collars were gradually lowered as the shawl collar came into use toward the end of this period.

      Overcoats or greatcoats were fashionable, often with contrasting collars of fur or velvet. The garrick, sometimes called a coachman's coat, was a particularly popular style, and had between three and five short caplets attached to the collar.

      Boots, typically Hessian boots with heart-shaped tops and tassels were mainstay in men's footwear. After the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, Wellington boots, as they were known, became the rage; tops were knee-high in front and cut lower in back. The jockey boot, with a turned-down cuff of lighter colored leather, was correct for riding.

(From http://www.nationmaster.com)

      10. Составьте диалог «An interview with fashion designer», используя следующие выражения:

      → What is your impression of arts and fashion?

      → Where did you get the inspiration for your designs?

      → How do you keep up-to-date with your career?

      → What fashion trends interest you most?

      → What is “in” fashion for girls/boys this season?

      → Do you have a mentor?

      → And how about …?

      → What motivates you?

      → What can you say about …?

      → What are your weaknesses and strengths?

      → How do you manage working …?

      → What are your plans for the future?

      Unit 4

      NINETEENTH CENTURY

      1. Прочитайте следующие слова вслух и переведите их письменно:

      modernity, exponentially, buttons, empire, significance, bustle, purity, inventions, silhouette, curiosity, bust, waist, buttocks, posterior, suppression, rear, pleats, flounces, bows, lieu, apron, polonaise, hips, upholstered, fascination, crinolines, pad, distinctly, medieval, medieval, sleeves, prominence, cravats, lace, inserts, trim, embroidery, tucks, pleats, tulip, collars, bell, suits, fashionable, practical, variation, ties.

      2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:

      to

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