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created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from highquality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.

      2. Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter). Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim and bridal.

      3. Mass market. Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.

      There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion." Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.

(From http://en.wikipedia.org)

      5. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова: fashion, haute couture, mass market, season, garment.

      → Сasual and every-day wear is designed for …

      → A … garment is made specifically for the wearer’s measurements and body stance.

      → They must consider who is likely to wear a … and the situations in which it will be worn.

      → Some … designers are self-employed and design for individual clients.

      → Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each … during a period known as Fashion Week.

      6. Сопоставьте следующие понятия:

      7. Прочитайте, переведите и озаглавьте текст.

      London has long been the capital of the UK fashion industry and has a wide range of foreign designs which have integrated with modern British styles. Typical British design is smart but innovative yet recently has become more and more unconventional, fusing traditional styles with modern techniques. Vintage styles play an important role in the British fashion and styling industry. Stylists regularly 'mix and match' the old with the new, which gives British style that unique, bohemian aesthetic that many of the other fashion capitals try to imitate. Irish fashion (both design and styling) is also heavily influenced by fashion trends from Britain. Famous British brands and designers include Burberry, Alexander McQueen, Mulberry, Stella McCartney and Vivienne Westwood.

(From http://en.wikipedia.org)

      8. Переведите следующие предложения письменно.

      1. Первым в истории кутюрье традиционно считается модельер, создатель Синдиката Высокой моды Чарльз Фредерик Уорт.

      2. С точки зрения искусства мода близка к концептуальному искусству, поскольку она заключается в сочетании различных элементов (прическа, материал одежды, фасон, колор, аксессуары), создающих образ.

      3. Мода – это форма безобразия, настолько невыносимого, что мы вынуждены изменять ее каждые полгода. (О. Уайльд).

      4. Одежда производится в небольших количествах, чтобы гарантировать эксклюзивность, так что они довольно дорогие.

      5. На сегодняшний день наибольшая часть одежды рассчитана на массовый рынок, в особенности для удобной и повседневной носки.

      9. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту упражнения 4.

      → What is the function of fashion designers?

      → What kind of garments can you name ‘haute couture’?

      → What type of collections are presented each season during a period known as Fashion Week?

      → How does Myriam Chalek explain the designing process?

      10. Перескажите текст упражнения 4, используя фразы в приложении.

      Unit 2

      FASHION HISTORY

      1. Прочитайте следующие слова вслух и переведите их письменно:

      cyclas, sleeves, transition, kittle, floor-length, ankle-length, abundant, doublets, hose, collars, opulence, farthingale, ornamentation, shoulders, waistlines, reveals, petticoats, foreparts, somber, stomachers, breeches, ensembles.

      2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:

      to divert, to inaugurate, to enable, to include, to reflect.

      3. Подберите эквивалентный перевод словосочетаний из колонки A в колонке В.

      4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

EUROPEAN STYLE

      Clothing throughout the thirteenth century was very simple and varied very little between men and women. A loose-fitting fulllength gown with fitted sleeves worn with a narrow belt and a sleeveless coat called the cyclas was the norm. Until this point, very little diverted from Roman influence.

      The fourteenth century inaugurated the Renaissance and brought the first major from simple draped shapes to fitted garments. Contoured seams and the start transition of tailoring techniques now enabled clothing to become more of a sheath around the body. Buttons and lacing allowed for an even closer fit. Women of the time wore an ankle- or floor-length chemise called a cotte, or kittle. The fitted version of the gown worn on top, called a cotehardie, often featured long hanging sleeves. In Europe throughout this period, fashion began to change at an unprecedented pace.

      During the fifteenth century Europe experienced an abundant prosperity, the growth of the middle classes, and the development of a skilled workforce. This created an appetite for extravagances. Voluminous gowns called houppelandes featured floor-length sleeves and were

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