Biodiesel Production - Группа авторов

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converted into biodiesel through this process; a select few of which are summarily presented in Table 2.2.

      Source: Modified from Ref. [2].

Feedstock Catalyst used Reaction conditions Yield/conversion (%) References
Reaction temperature (°C) Reaction time (h) Catalyst concentration (% w/w) Alcohol:oil (ratio or wt%) Agitation speed (rpm)
Acid‐catalyzed conversion
Castor oil H2SO4 50 1 1 20 : 1 700 90.83 [4]
Waste cooking oil H2SO4 60 3 5 12 : 1 800 95.376 [3]
Mahua oil Sulfonated Delonix regia char 50 1 4 6 : 1 1000 97.04 [5]
Castor oil Sulfonated MFL char 60 1.5 7 70 950 92 [16]
Base‐catalyzed conversion
Waste cooking oil KOH 50 1.67 0.75 9 : 1 — 90 [20]
Waste cooking oil CaO 75 1 5 9.8 : 1 450 96.6 [21]
Waste cooking oil CaO 65 3 7.5 15 : 1 1200 90 [22]
Waste cooking oil Calcined egg shells 65 5.5 3.5 22.5 : 1 600 91 [23]
Enzyme‐catalyzed conversion
Waste cooking oil Lipase 50 10 6 20 — 94 [24]
Jatropha oil Lipase 40 8 0.5 4 : 1 — 71 [25]
Other novel catalysts for conversion
Waste cooking oil Fe(II)‐doped anthill 60 1.5 1.2 6 : 1 — 99.73 [15]
Rubber seed oil Fe(II)‐doped Delonix regia char 40 15 5 3 : 1 500 96.31 [26]
Two‐step catalyzed conversion
Waste cooking oil H2SO4 65 3 1 3 : 7 400 21.5 [27]
NaOH 50 3 1 3 : 7 400 90.6
Karanja oil Sulfonated Delonix regia char 50 0.75 3 12 : 1 900 99.86 [6]
KOH‐doped Delonix regia char 60 1.5 4 6 : 1 700 99.39

      2.5.1.3 Enzyme Catalysis

      The wastewater generated from washing of fuels using acid or base catalysts is not pH neutral, and thus can hamper water bodies connected to the discharge stream if the generated effluent is left untreated before drainage. Enzymes can also be beneficial in

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