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This book combines the research activities of the authors, both of whom are researchers at Ecole Nationale de l’Aviation Civile (French National School of Civil Aviation), and presents their findings from the last 15 years. Their work uses air transport as its focal point, within the realm of mathematical optimization, looking at real life problems and theoretical models in tandem, and the challenges that accompany studying both approaches. The authors’ research is linked with the attempt to reduce air space congestion in Western Europe, USA and, increasingly, Asia. They do this through studying stochastic optimization (particularly artificial evolution), the sectorization of airspace, route distribution and takeoff slots, and by modeling airspace congestion. Finally, the authors discuss their short, medium and long term research goals. They hope that their work, although related to air transport, will be applied to other fields, such is the transferable nature of mathematical optimization. At the same time, they intend to use other areas of research, such as approximation and statistics to complement their continued inquiry in their own field. Contents 1. Introduction. Part 1. Optimization and Artificial Evolution 2. Optimization: State of the Art. 3. Genetic Algorithms and Improvements. 4. A new concept for Genetic Algorithms based on Order Statistics. Part 2. Applications to Air Traffic Control 5. Air Traffic Control. 6. Contributions to Airspace Sectorization. 7. Contribution to Traffic Assignment. 8. Airspace Congestion Metrics. 9. Conclusion and Future Perspectives. About the Authors Daniel Delahaye works for Ecole Nationale de l’Aviation Civile (French National School of Civil Aviation) in France. Stéphane Puechmorel works for Ecole Nationale de l’Aviation Civile (French National School of Civil Aviation) in France.

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The first single-source reference covering the state of the art in grid and utility computing economy research This book presents the first integrated, single-source reference on market-oriented grid and utility computing. Divided into four main parts—and with contributions from a panel of experts in the field—it systematically and carefully explores: Foundations—presents the fundamental concepts of market-oriented computing and the issues and challenges in allocating resources in a decentralized computing environment. Business models—covers business models for service providers and brokers supporting different types of distributed applications, as well as business rules-based models for managing virtual organizations and accounting operations and services in grid computing environments. Policies and agreements—introduces policies, agreements, and specifications for the negotiation and establishment of contracts between providers and consumers. It also covers different approaches for resource allocation based on service-level agreements (SLAs) and management of risks associated with SLA violations. Resource allocation and scheduling mechanisms—covers economic models, such as commodity models, reciprocation, auctions, and game theory, and middleware technologies, such as Nimrod/G and Gridbus, for market-oriented grid computing and utility-oriented resource allocation. This book expertly captures the state of the art in the field while also identifying potential research directions and technologies that will facilitate the creation of global commercial grid and utility computing systems. It is an indispensable reference for systems architects, practitioners, developers, new researchers, and graduate students.

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Explores and identifies the main issues, concepts, principles and evolution of software testing, including software quality engineering and testing concepts, test data generation, test deployment analysis, and software test management This book examines the principles, concepts, and processes that are fundamental to the software testing function. This book is divided into five broad parts. Part I introduces software testing in the broader context of software engineering and explores the qualities that testing aims to achieve or ascertain, as well as the lifecycle of software testing. Part II covers mathematical foundations of software testing, which include software specification, program correctness and verification, concepts of software dependability, and a software testing taxonomy. Part III discusses test data generation, specifically, functional criteria and structural criteria. Test oracle design, test driver design, and test outcome analysis is covered in Part IV. Finally, Part V surveys managerial aspects of software testing, including software metrics, software testing tools, and software product line testing. Presents software testing, not as an isolated technique, but as part of an integrated discipline of software verification and validation Proposes program testing and program correctness verification within the same mathematical model, making it possible to deploy the two techniques in concert, by virtue of the law of diminishing returns Defines the concept of a software fault, and the related concept of relative correctness, and shows how relative correctness can be used to characterize monotonic fault removal Presents the activity of software testing as a goal oriented activity, and explores how the conduct of the test depends on the selected goal Covers all phases of the software testing lifecycle, including test data generation, test oracle design, test driver design, and test outcome analysis Software Testing: Concepts and Operations is a great resource for software quality and software engineering students because it presents them with fundamentals that help them to prepare for their ever evolving discipline.

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This book lays out the concepts necessary to understand how a computer works. For reasons of clarity, the authors have deliberately chosen examples that apply to machines from all eras, without having to water down the contents of the book. This choice helps to show how techniques, concepts and performances have evolved since the first computers. The book is divided into five parts. The first four, which are of increasing difficulty, are the core of the book: “Elements of a Basic Architecture”, “Programming Model and Operation”, “Memory Hierarchy”, “Parallelism and Performance Enhancement”. The final part provides hints and solutions to the exercises in the book as well as appendices. The reader may approach each part independently based on their prior knowledge and goals.

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The essential guide to getting started with the Raspberry Pi ® The Raspberry Pi has been a success beyond the dream of its creators. Their goal, to encourage a new generation of computer programmers who understand how computers work, is well under way. Raspberry Pi User Guide 2e is the newest edition of the runaway bestseller written by the Pi’s co-creator, Eben Upton, and tech writer Gareth Halfacree. It contains everything you need to know to get the Pi up and running, including how to: Connect a keyboard, mouse, monitor and other peripherals Install software and configure your Raspberry Pi Master basic Linux system administration Set up your Raspberry Pi as a productivity machine, multimedia centre, or web server Write programmes in Scratch and Python Use the GPIO port and add-on boards to connect your Raspberry Pi for use in electronics projects Updated to cover the release of the Camera Board, the introduction of the Pi Store, NOOBS and much more, Raspberry Pi User Guide 2nd edition is the perfect companion for getting the most out of the computing phenomenon, the Raspberry Pi. Eben Upton is the co-creator of the Raspberry Pi board and the founder of the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Gareth Halfacree is a freelance technology journalist, open source advocate and erstwhile sysadmin.

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NEW LANGUAGE VISUALIZES PROGRAM ABSTRACTIONS CLEARLY AND PRECISELY Popular software modelling notations visualize implementation minutiae but fail to scale, to capture design abstractions, and to deliver effective tool support. Tailored to overcome these limitations, Codecharts can elegantly model roadmaps and blueprints for Java, C++, and C# programs of any size clearly, precisely, and at any level of abstraction. More practically, significant productivity gains for programmers using tools supporting Codecharts have been demonstrated in controlled experiments. Hundreds of figures and examples in this book illustrate how Codecharts are used to: Visualize the building-blocks of object-oriented design Create bird's-eye roadmaps of large programs with minimal symbols and no clutter Model blueprints of patterns, frameworks, and other design decisions Be exactly sure what diagrams claim about programs and reason rigorously about them Tools supporting Codecharts are also shown here to: Recover design from plain Java and visualize the program's roadmap Verify conformance to design decision with a click of a button This classroom-tested book includes two main parts: Practice (Part I) offers experienced programmers, software designers and software engineering students practical tools for representing and communicating object-oriented design. It demonstrates how to model programs, patterns, libraries, and frameworks using examples from JDK, Java 3D, JUnit, JDOM, Enterprise JavaBeans, and the Composite, Iterator, Factory Method, Abstract Factory, and Proxy design patterns. Theory (Part II) offers a mathematical foundation for Codecharts to graduate students and researchers studying software design, modelling, specification, and verification. It defines a formal semantics and a satisfies relation for design verification, and uses them to reason about the relations between patterns and programs (e.g., «java.awt implements Composite» and «Factory Method is an abstraction of Iterator»).

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More and more Agile projects are seeking architectural roots as they struggle with complexity and scale – and they're seeking lightweight ways to do it Still seeking? In this book the authors help you to find your own path Taking cues from Lean development, they can help steer your project toward practices with longstanding track records Up-front architecture? Sure. You can deliver an architecture as code that compiles and that concretely guides development without bogging it down in a mass of documents and guesses about the implementation Documentation? Even a whiteboard diagram, or a CRC card, is documentation: the goal isn't to avoid documentation, but to document just the right things in just the right amount Process? This all works within the frameworks of Scrum, XP, and other Agile approaches

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“Ultimately, this is a remarkable book, a practical testimonial, and a comprehensive bibliography rolled into one. It is a single, bright sword cut across the various murky green IT topics. And if my mistakes and lessons learned through the green IT journey are any indication, this book will be used every day by folks interested in greening IT.” – Simon Y. Liu, Ph.D. & Ed.D., Editor-in-Chief, IT Professional Magazine, IEEE Computer Society, Director, U.S. National Agricultural Library This book presents a holistic perspective on Green IT by discussing its various facets and showing how to strategically embrace it Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices examines various ways of making computing and information systems greener – environmentally sustainable -, as well as several means of using Information Technology (IT) as a tool and an enabler to improve the environmental sustainability. The book focuses on both greening of IT and greening by IT – complimentary approaches to attaining environmental sustainability. In a single volume, it comprehensively covers several key aspects of Green IT – green technologies, design, standards, maturity models, strategies and adoption -, and presents a clear approach to greening IT encompassing green use, green disposal, green design, and green manufacturing. It also illustrates how to strategically apply green IT in practice in several areas. Key Features: Presents a comprehensive coverage of key topics of importance and practical relevance – green technologies, design, standards, maturity models, strategies and adoption Highlights several useful approaches to embracing green IT in several areas Features chapters written by accomplished experts from industry and academia who have first-hand knowledge and expertise in specific areas of green IT Presents a set of review and discussion questions for each chapter that will help the readers to examine and explore the green IT domain further Includes a companion website providing resources for further information and presentation slides This book will be an invaluable resource for IT Professionals, academics, students, researchers, project leaders/managers, IT business executives, CIOs, CTOs and anyone interested in Green IT and harnessing it to enhance our environment.

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With the announcement in 2011 that the current Internet Protocol (IP), IPv4, has nearly run out, interest in IPv6 – the latest IP version – has grown substantially. This book describes IPv6 technology and its repercussions on organizations, including strategies and techniques for assessing the impact of deploying IPv6 on a network, discovering current IP assets, assessing network readiness, creating a plan to deploy IPv6 while retaining IPv4 connectivity, and for managing a dual protocol IPv4-IPv6 network. It is a must read for IP network engineers, managers, and those who work in IT.

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Unique in addressing two different problems – sound visualization and manipulation – in a unified way Advances in signal processing technology are enabling ever more accurate visualization of existing sound fields and precisely defined sound field production. The idea of explaining both the problem of sound visualization and the problem of the manipulation of sound within one book supports this inter-related area of study. With rapid development of array technologies, it is possible to do much in terms of visualization and manipulation, among other technologies involved with the spatial distribution of sound. This book aims to explore various basic functions for the visualization and manipulation and demonstrate to the reader how these properties determine the quality of visualization and manipulation. The first half of the book introduces some basic and general concepts and theories and the second part of the book explains a number of techniques in sound visualization and manipulation. It offers a unified presentation to two very different topics – sound field visualization techniques based on microphone arrays, and techniques for generation of controlled sound fields using loudspeaker arrays. The authors emphasize the similarities between these two physical problems and between the mathematical methods used for solving them. With extensive examples throughout the book, chapters include: Acoustic Wave Equation and its Basic Physical Measures, Acoustic Wave Equation and its Basic Physical Measures, Basic Theory of Sound Visualization, Acoustic Holography, Beamforming, Basic Theory of Sound Manipulation, Sound Focusing, and Sound Field Reproduction. The first book to combine both the visualization and manipulation of sound technologies in one comprehensive volume Presents the basic concepts using simple one dimensional cases and then extends the concept to three dimensional cases, enabling easier understanding of the fundamental concepts through the use of minimum mathematics Provides a solid understanding of associated physics as well as mathematical concepts for understanding the technologies, addressing diffraction problems in an integrated format by using Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation Uses extensive examples demonstrating the benefits and drawbacks of various applications, including beamforming and acoustic holography A valuable resource forpost/graduate students, acoustic engineers, audio and noise control system developers

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