LITMIR.BIZ

      1  Cover

      2  Acknowledgments

      3  Introduction

      4  1 Information Processing 1.1. Background 1.2. Information processing machines 1.3. Information and energy 1.4. Technologies of the future 1.5. Microprocessors and the brain 1.6. Conclusion

      5  2 Information Processing in the Living 2.1. The brain at a glance 2.2. Cortex 2.3. An emblematic example: the visual cortex 2.4. Conclusion

      6  3 Neurons and Synapses 3.1. Background 3.2. Cell membrane 3.3. Membrane at equilibrium 3.4. The membrane in dynamic state 3.5. Synapses 3.6. Conclusion

      7  4 Artificial Neural Networks 4.1. Software neural networks 4.2. Hardware neural networks 4.3. Conclusion

      8  References

      9  Index

      10  End User License Agreement

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1. Scaling rules for a MOSFET transistor, and consequence of different c...Table 1.2. The different approaches for improving the energy efficiency of infor...Table 1.3. Comparison of the physical characteristics of the human brain with th...Table 1.4. Comparison of human brain/microprocessor in information processing

      2 Chapter 3Table 3.1. Extra- and intracellular ionic concentrationsTable 3.2. Numerical parameters of the Hodgkin–Huxley modelTable 3.3. Parameters of the Morris–Lecar model

      3 Chapter 4Table 4.1. Comparison of several properties of biological and artificial systemsTable 4.2. Width of transistors and value of capacitances of the circuit in Figu...

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Block diagram of information processing systems. For a color version...Figure 1.2. Different information encoding typesFigure 1.3. The Turing machine and its practical realization (http://aturingmach...Figure 1.4. von Neumann architectureFigure 1.5. Physical and electrical diagrams of NMOS and PMOS transistors. Curre...Figure 1.6. Inverter composed of NMOS and PMOS transistors and forming a CMOS pa...Figure 1.7. Principle of downscaling. All dimensions and voltages are divided by...Figure 1.8. Evolution in the number of transistors, clock frequency and total po...Figure 1.9. Switching of a CMOS inverter. Charge and discharge currents of the c...Figure 1.10. Drain–source current of an NMOS as a function of the control voltag...Figure 1.11. Inverter loaded by two logic gates. C_g is the input capacitance of ...Figure 1.12. Charge of an RC circuit by a voltage variable over timeFigure 1.13. Drain–source current as a function of control voltage in logarithmi...Figure 1.14. Bloch sphereFigure 1.15. (a) Schematic diagram of the CNOT gate; (b) CNOT gate conversion ta...Figure 1.16. (a) Diagram of interconnections within an integrated circuit; (b) a...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. The lobes of the left hemisphere and cross-sectional view of the bra...Figure 2.2. Organization of the cortex in six layers and cortical columns⁵Figure 2.3. Detail of cortical layers, L1–L6. Columns and mini-columns. For a co...Figure 2.4. Hierarchical organization of the cortex. Each box in the diagram rep...Figure 2.5. Internal and external connections of a cortical column. The black ar...Figure 2.6. Organization of the human visual system. The eye diameter has been a...Figure 2.7. Organization of visual area V1. The color-sensitive cells are locate...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Structure of a neuron. The diameter of the soma is of the order of a...Figure 3.2. Network of synapses between pre-neurons (dotted lines) and a post-ne...Figure 3.3. Details of a synapse. The intracellular media of the two neurons are...Figure 3.4. Mechanism of ion channel opening by neurotransmittersFigure 3.5. Structure of the plasma membrane surrounding the neuron. For a color...Figure 3.6. The ATP sodium–potassium pump, or ‘NaK’ pump. For a color version of...Figure 3.7. Modeling of ionic currents: simplifying hypotheses and boundary cond...Figure 3.8. Simplified equivalent circuit of the membrane in equilibrium. For a ...Figure 3.9. Representation of resting potential V_r as a function of G_K/G_Na. The ...Figure 3.10. Equivalent circuit of the membrane in dynamic state. For a color ve...Figure 3.11. Simplified equivalent circuit of the membrane in dynamic stateFigure 3.12. Other equivalent circuit of the membrane in dynamic state. The arro...Figure 3.13. Rule for the variation of the activation coefficient, n, leading to...Figure 3.14. Coefficients n_ss, m_ss and h_ss, extracted from expressions [3.24]. T...Figure 3.15. Time constants τ_n τ_m and τ_h,

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