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Commonwealth

       1660| Restoration

       1666 | Great Fire of London

       1687 | Sir Isaac Newton

       1688 | The Glorious Revolution

       1707 | The Act of Union

       1714 | The House of Hanover

       1721 | Britain’s First Prime Minister

       1739 | Highwaymen

       1740 | Rule, Britannia!

       1745 | Jacobite Uprising

       1755 | Dr Johnson’s Dictionary

       1763 | The Seven Years War

       1700s | Food and Empire

       1770 | Captain Cook and Australia

       1772 | The Slave Trade

       1775 | Britain’s First Factories

       1776 | American Revolution

       1776 | Steam Engine

       1788 | Mad King George

       1791 | Rights of Man

       1805 | The Battle of Trafalgar

       1813 | Jane Austen

       1815 | Duke of Wellington

       1829 | The Metropolitan Police Force

       1830 | The Railway Age

       1833 | Child Labour

       1833 | Abolition of the Slave Trade

       1837 | Queen Victoria

       1846 | The Workhouse

       1851 | Industrial Cities

       1851 | The Great Exhibition

       1854 | Florence Nightingale

       1859 | On the Origin of Species

       1859 | Brunel

       1859 | Big Ben

       1863 | Association Football

       1870 | Charles Dickens

       1888 | Jack the Ripper

       1899 | The Boer War

       1912 | Titanic

       1913 | Emily Davison

       1914 | The First World War

       1916 | The First Day of the Somme

       1918 | Armistice Day

       1922 | The BBC

       1926 | General Strike

       1936 | Abdication

       1940 | Dunkirk

       1940 | The Battle of Britain

       1941 | The Home Front

       1945 | VE Day

       1948 | The NHS

       1948 | The Empire Windrush

       1953 | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

       1956 | Suez Crisis

       1966 | World Cup Win

       1960s | Beatlemania

       1979 | Thatcher Becomes Prime Minister

       1989 | Invention of the World Wide Web

       1994 | Opening of the Channel Tunnel

       1997 | Death of Princess Diana

       1997 | Harry Potter

       2012 | London Olympics

       2016 | Brexit

       Conclusion

       Index

       About the Publisher

Introduction

       ‘This royal throne of kings, this scepter’d isle… This precious stone set in the silver sea… This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England’

      William Shakespeare, Richard II

      In his paean to England in Shakespeare’s Richard II, John of Gaunt emphasises the importance of England’s status as an ‘island nation’. He is right to do so. So much of England’s history has been dictated by its position on a small, rainy island off the western coast of Europe.

      England’s early history saw its shores invaded by waves of foreign settlers. The Romans arrived with Julius Caesar, followed by the Anglo-Saxons, the Vikings, and finally the Normans in 1066. This has given England an unusual mixture of Latin, French and Germanic influences. Days of the week in English are named after Norse Gods, but the months have Roman origins. The structure of the English language comes from Germany, but much of its vocabulary from France.

      England’s status as an island nation has offered it unrivalled defences against foreign invaders, such as Phillip II of Spain in 1588, Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805, and Adolf Hitler in 1940. Unless you count the peaceful invasion of William and Mary in 1688, England has not been successfully invaded for one thousand years. The natural protection of the seas has given English history a stability and continuity that is unusual amongst the nations of Europe. The English Parliament has been meeting in Westminster since the 13th century, and the last battle fought on British soil was the defeat of Bonnie Prince Charlie at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.

      England always depended upon its navy more than its army for protection, and for this reason the English people have long celebrated sailors as national heroes, such as Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, Captain Cook and Lord Nelson. Britain’s seafaring tradition came into its own when the countries of Europe began building global empires. From the mid-18th century onwards, the Royal Navy lay behind Britain’s emergence as a world superpower, building an Empire stretching across North America, Africa, Asia and Australia. Today, Britain’s multi-racial society with large Caribbean, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Indian populations is a direct legacy of its time as a sea-faring Empire.

      Any book on the history of England will encounter difficulty negotiating England’s appearance, and then disappearance, as a single political unit. England only emerged as one country, governed by one ruler, during the reign of Alfred the Great’s grandson, King Athelstan. If you were to pinpoint England’s birthdate, then King Athelstan’s victory against the Vikings at the Battle of Brunanburh in ad 937 is perhaps the best contender. For this reason, this book gives relatively brief treatment to the history of ‘England’ prior to 937, offering a brief outline of the prehistoric, Roman, and early Anglo-Saxon periods in order to set the scene for England’s emergence during the 10th century.

      England’s status as a sovereign state ended in 1707, when the Act of Union fused England and Wales with Scotland to form a new nation: Great Britain. From this point onwards in the book, I cease to write so often of ‘England’, as so many actions – in particular the creation of a global Empire – were really carried out by Britain. However, even though England ceased to be a sovereign state in 1707, it remains a country, with distinct traditions, culture, and – perhaps most importantly! – international sports.

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