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NORTHUMBRIA, 866–867 AD

       PLACE-NAMES

      The spelling of place-names in Anglo-Saxon England was an uncertain business, with no consistency and no agreement even about the name itself. Thus London was variously rendered as Lundonia, Lundenberg, Lundenne, Lundene, Lundenwic, Lundenceaster and Lundres. Doubtless some readers will prefer other versions of the names listed below, but I have usually employed whatever spelling is cited in the Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names for the years nearest or contained within Alfred’s reign, 871–899 AD, but even that solution is not foolproof. Hayling Island, in 956, was written as both Heilincigae and Hæglingaiggæ. Nor have I been consistent myself; I have preferred the modern England to Englaland and, instead of Norðhymbralond, have used Northumbria to avoid the suggestion that the boundaries of the ancient kingdom coincide with those of the modern county. So this list, like the spellings themselves, is capricious:

Æbbanduna Abingdon, Berkshire
Æsc’s Hill Ashdown, Berkshire
Baðum (pronounced Bathum) Bath, Avon
Basengas Basing, Hampshire
Beamfleot Benfleet, Essex
Beardastopol Barnstable, Devon
Bebbanburg Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland
Berewic Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland
Berrocscire Berkshire
Blaland North Africa
Cantucton Cannington, Somerset
Cetreht Catterick, Yorkshire
Cippanhamm Chippenham, Wiltshire
Cirrenceastre Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Contwaraburg Canterbury, Kent
Cornwalum Cornwall
Cridianton Crediton, Devon
Cynuit Cynuit Hillfort, nr. Cannington, Somerset
Dalriada Western Scotland
Defnascir Devonshire
Deoraby Derby, Derbyshire
Dic Diss, Norfolk
Dunholm Durham, County Durham
Eoferwic York (also the Danish Jorvic, pronounced Yorvik)
Exanceaster Exeter, Devon
Fromtun Frampton on Severn, Gloucestershire
Gegnesburh Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
the Gewæsc The Wash
Gleawecestre Gloucester, Gloucestershire
Grantaceaster Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
Gyruum Jarrow, County Durham
Haithabu Hedeby, trading town in Southern Denmark
Hamanfunta Havant, Hampshire
Hamptonscir Hampshire
Hamtun Southampton, Hampshire
Heilincigae Hayling Island, Hampshire
Hreapandune Repton, Derbyshire
Kenet River Kennet
Ledecestre Leicester, Leicestershire
Lindisfarena Lindisfarne (Holy Island), Northumberland
Lundene London
Mereton Marten, Wiltshire
Meslach Matlock, Derbyshire
Pedredan River Parrett
Pictland Eastern Scotland
the Poole

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