The Neglected C. S. Lewis - Mark Neal

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time. Was this change for the better due to some kind of divine guidance? Was it due to human and cultural adjustment to reality? Were graces operational so that, at some level, the image of God was being restored? If this might be so, it is interesting to note that the return to a biblical ideal did not occur by means of a revival in response to fiery prophetic preaching. Rather, the continuity and change occurred slowly, over time. Literature kept the record of the cry of the human heart, longing for its ideal, embedded in its very soul since creation.

      Lewis marks a change in the understanding of marriage over time: full romantic passion for another ought to be found in marriage, not outside of it. Moreover, while this has not been perfectly realized from a biblical perspective, the change that occurred in the Middle Ages was a change for the good. This historical instance should be a cause for hope no matter how things in the culture may look currently.

      Lastly, Christian authors working through the fiction and poetry of the Middle Ages were the ones who rescued marriage from the threats of adultery and utility. It is important to note that a kind of cultural restoration of the dignity of marriage came from the fiction writers of the Middle Ages. It would appear that the poets did more to rescue marriage from its utility than the theologians did. If this is so, it might be advantageous to consider the use of the arts to elevate marriage once again to its biblical idealization. In fact, while one could suggest the popular arts, in their wide range of expression, have done much to assault the biblical understanding of marriage, it might require the use of the arts to once again engage the imagination to visualize the restoration of the biblical ideal. It may be possible for artists to create in a way that popular culture once again thirsts for the pleasures of an archetypal design.

      Lewis takes his readers on a journey to discover the glory of God’s ideal in marriage as it was traced in the developing literature of the Middle Ages. It is a journey as timely today as it was in the days of Chaucer and Spenser. In this way, Lewis as a faith-integrated Christian scholar provides an example of how sound scholarly work can function—as an apologetic for faith—speaking to the culture without preaching. In his personal life, we know that Lewis held marriage in high regard without neglecting the truth that even the best of marriages can have their ups and downs. This does not count against marriage; it only means that those who would make the best approximations to a good marriage must do so with eyes wide open. For example, in The Horse and His Boy, Shasta (Prince Cor) and Aravis argue throughout their adventure. And Lewis concludes the story realistically:

      Aravis also had many quarrels (and, I’m afraid even fights) with Cor, but they always made it up again: so that years later, when they were grown up, they were so used to quarrelling and making it up again that they got married so as to go on doing it more conveniently.42

Image

      Magdalene College, Cambridge, where Lewis was encouraging chaplains of the R.A.F. in their ministries to the airmen.

      Public Domain image.

      8 Norman F. Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth, 1991), 207.

      9 Cantor, 206.

      10 Cantor, 214.

      11 Cantor, 216.

      12 Stephen Yandell, “The Allegory of Love and The Discarded Image: C. S. Lewis as Medievalist” in C. S. Lewis: Life, Works, and Legacy. Volume 4: Scholar, Teacher, and Public Intellectual, Bruce Edwards, ed. (Westport, CT: Prager, 2007), 126.

      13 Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1936), 1.

      14 Lewis, Of Other Worlds, ed. Walter Hooper (New York: Harcourt, 1966), 25.

      15 Lewis states this concept explicitly in A Grief Observed, and in Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer; but the idea occurs in all of his writing from his pre-Christian works up until his death.

      16 Lewis, Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1956), 165–67.

      17 Lewis, The Allegory of Love, 166. While Lewis sees the importance of allegory in medieval literature, he writes much about appropriate literary form, generally, as a framework for what an author wants to say. In A Preface to Paradise Lost he writes that we must remember that the man who writes a love sonnet not only loves the beloved, he also loves the sonnet. In Of Other Worlds, he writes that sometimes fairy stories say best what needs to be said. Again, in A Preface to Paradise Lost, he highlights the difference between primary epic (like the works of Homer) and secondary epic (as in Virgil and Milton) as means at least as important to the authors as their matter. Furthermore, Lewis chose science fiction as a means to write romantic literature, especially that form that seeks to stir up longing for a place, ultimately for heaven. He felt he needed to go to the extraterrestrial when writing in a world where most of its farthest reaches had already been explored. Even when writing autobiography, Lewis has purposes for using that literary form as a kind of testimonial apologetic, and the form itself helps him to select, economically, what is necessary for inclusion and what is necessary to leave out. This matter of literary form for what one wants to say is something Alistair McGrath failed to realize when writing his recent biography of Lewis.

      18 Lewis, The Allegory of Love, 166.

      19 Lewis, 13–14.

      20 Lewis, 17–18.

      21 Lewis, 4.

      22 Lewis, Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1955), 198.

      23 Lewis, The Allegory of Love, 157.

      24 Lewis, 122.

      25 Lewis, 176.

      26 Lewis, 195.

      27 Lewis, 179.

      28 Lewis, 197.

      29 Lewis, 198–99.

      30 Lewis, 234.

      31 Lewis, 236

      32 Lewis, 242.

      33 Lewis, 237.

      34 Lewis, 242.

      35 Lewis, 259.

      36 Lewis, 255.

      37 Lewis, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, “Neoplatonism in Spenser’s Poetry” (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 149. This article was written by Lewis as a hybrid between a book review and an essay. It is as if Lewis was engaged in conversation with Robert Ellrodt’s Neoplatonism in the poetry of Spenser. Ellrodt’s thesis is that Spenser is not a Neoplatonist, as some have accused, due to the influence of the Cambridge Neoplatonists who held forth while Spenser was associated with that University. Lewis agrees, for the most part, with Ellrodt, and supports his argument. Lewis argues that Spenser cannot be accused of Neoplatonism, for fruition of sexual desire was “either repudiated or coldly conceded” (p. 151) by the Neoplatonists. Spenser has a far more robust view of sex and speaks of it as only properly understood in marriage; and for him this would mean a marriage between one man and one woman. To conceive of this any other way would have been unthinkable for Spenser. It is important to note that Lewis not only supports Ellrodt, but also Spenser.

      38 Lewis, The Allegory of Love, 304.

      39 Lewis, 300.

      40 Lewis, 316.

      41 Lewis, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, 162.

      42 Lewis, The Horse and His Boy (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1961), 199.

       Chapter 2 Civil Debate in an Age of polarity

       The Personal Heresy

      The

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