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despised as a vain attempt to revive an antiquated belief which the Church of to-day itself rejects.

      Thus, both by Christians who believe that the trials and perils of the Church are in a great measure over, and the day of triumph at hand, and by Antichristians who believe that Christianity will soon pass away, or be merged into a larger religion, the belief in a coming Antichrist as here presented will be rejected. But for all who accept the Scriptures as an intelligible revelation of a Divine purpose, the first duty is to ask what they teach us. Putting away all prejudices and unreasoned beliefs, we must ask what the Holy Ghost, speaking by the prophets of old and by the Lord and His apostles, has told us of the final stages of the great conflict between good and evil so long waged in the earth, and of its chief actors in the time of the end.

      It is only through Scriptural light that we can fully know the character and work of the Antichrist; and to. this light it is of vital importance that we give heed, for we are forewarned that he will present himself .to men under an aspect best fitted to deceive. Those despising the prophetic word, and not believing in his appearing, will be attracted and fettered by the power of his person:

       PREFACE. xvii

      and those whose conception of him is that of an open blasphemer of God, a bitter enemy of all religion, detest- able because of his vices, will not discern him should he appear as a saviour of society and a religious leader. It is only through the attentive study of the Scriptures, and its prophetic outlines of the future, and especially of St. Paul (2 Thess. ii. 2), that we can be kept from fatal mis- conceptions. He who seats himself in the temple of God, “shewing himself that he is God," is not, as is often said, one who compels the world to pay him Divine homage by brute violence; it is done voluntarily. That he can pre- sent himself to men as the object of Divine honour, and receive it, shows a community of belief already existing between him and his worshippers. They see in him the representative of their own religious ideas. He will not come as a spectre of the night, but as an angel of light, the morning star of a new day; and the age that will welcome and worship him will not think itself, irreligious, but the most religious of all the ages. In him the modern spirit will find its truest representative and exponent. We may believe that he will be regarded by his generation as the highest type of our developed humanity, the noblest embodiment of its dignity, its "consummate flower." He will be recognized as a natural king of men, and his king- dom, rising grandly before the world, will be welcomed as the full evolution of the democratic idea» the realization of popular aspirations, the end of social strife, the unity of nations, the natural outcome and highest product of our civilization, and the goal of human history. It will be welcomed by the multitude as the long promised "King- dom of God."

      It need not be said that this man and his kingdom are not the accidents of an hour; there is a long preparatory process. As with our Lord, so with him. There is a "fulness of time" for his appearing, and this is not till the antichristian leaven has spread through Christendom.

      xviii PREFACE

      Then will be the final test of Christian faith and discern- ment. Before the world will be two kings and two king- doms. He who will set up the kingdom of God, is the Incarnate Son returning from Heaven; he who will set up the kingdom of man, is a son of the earth; and the ques- tion which must then be answered is, Which king and which kingdom will Christendom and the nations have?

      The order of our enquiry is, therefore, this: First, what do we learn from the Scriptures—from the prophets and from the teachings of the Lord and of His apostles— respecting the religious condition of the world and of the Church at the period immediately preceding His return? And what is predicted of the Antichrist? And in this enquiry we are especially concerned with the doctrine of St. Paul and of St John respecting the nature of the apostasy as preparatory to the coming of the man of sin, its final product Having a clear conception of that apostasy, its origin, its nature, and final development in the man of sin; we may proceed, secondly, to examine the religious and the philosophical tendencies of the present time, that we may know its real character, and how far it is a preparation for the fulfilment of the Scripture predic- tions. This enquiry necessarily embraces many distinct points, which must be separately discussed. But it will be noted that the present purpose is to state and illustrate the religious tendencies and movements of the time, and not to confute them. Their confutation lies in seeing the goal to which they lead.

      Perhaps more space has been given to the philosophic tendencies of our times than many may think to be neces- sary. But no one can truly know them who does not discern the pantheistic spirit which underlies them, and determines their practical working, manifested in all de- partments of human life. To understand the prophetic descriptions of the Antichrist, as claiming Divine homage, we must see how the prevalent philosophy tends to the deification of man, and so helps to prepare his way.

      INTRODUCTION

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      The term Antichrist is to many, perhaps to most Christians of our day, a term of great vagueness. But to the early Christians, and to the Church for several centuries, it was of very definite and fearful meaning. It designated the last and greatest of the enemies of God and of His Christ—an apostate who would sum up in himself all wickedness. Endowed by Satan with all his power, he would receive from him the kingdoms of this world, and rule over the na- tions. He would make war with the saints, and would overcome them, and reign supreme for a little time; but be himself destroyed at the coming of the Lord.

      It is the purpose of this essay to enquire what the Scriptures teach concerning the Antichrist and his times; and how far we may see in the history of the Church, and in the movements and tendencies of our day, the foreshadowing of him, and the preparation for him. This involves a consideration of the place of Christ in the Divine purpose, and of His person and prerogatives.

      But, before entering upon this enquiry, it will be well to define the term antichrist, and to give a brief outline of the several phases of belief in the Church in regard to his person and work.*

      * Among the more important writers on the Antichrist are the Roman Catholics, F. T. Malvenda, De Antichristo Libri undecim,

       (xix)

      xx INTRODUCTION.

      The term "antichrist" plainly denotes an enemy of Christ, but leaves indefinite whether a person or a series of persons; whether one arising from within the Church or without it; whether one who has ap- peared or is yet to appear. Nor does the word itself determine whether he is simply an enemy of. Christ, or both an enemy to Him and a substitute for Him. Many find only the element of hostility. This cer- tainly is the predominant idea, but does not exclude that of substitution. This appears if we note that the work of Christ in our redemption has two chief parts, that of atonement—the propitiation for our sins and the heavenly intercession based upon it; and that of judging and ruling, or the administration of the Mes- sianic kingdom. The first of these Antichrist wholly denies. He will know no atonement, no cross, no priesthood. Here his hostility to Christianity is openly avowed. For the second of these, the Mes- sianic kingdom, he will substitute an earthly king- dom, the elements of which will be fraternity, liberty, equality, and in which will be the highest de- velopment of man. It is here that he offers himself as a substitute for Christ. He will be the Messiah of the nations, and under him all will be blessed. As said by Archbishop Trench ("Synonyms," sub voce),

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      ome, 1604 A.D.; Cardinal Bellarmine, De Controversiis Christianae Fidei, 4 Tomi, 1622. In Tomus I he treats at length the charge of Calvin that the papacy is Antichrist. A good sum- mary is found in Stem's Commentar, Die Offenbarung, ch. xiii, 1854. Among recent Protestant writers, aside from the com- mentators, are C. Maitland's "Apostolic School of Prophetic Interpretation"; Dr. J. H. Todd's "Discourses on the Prophe- cies Relating to Antichrist," Dublin, 1840. For a very recent statement of early and mediaeval belief see Wadstein in Hilgen-felds Zeitschrift, 1896-6.

       INTRODUCTION. xxi

      "He will not call himself Christ, for he will be filled with deadliest hate, both against

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