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      First published by Verso 2020

      © Kevin A. Young, Tarun Banerjee, and Michael Schwartz 2020

      This book contains excerpts from the following previously published articles: Kevin Young and Michael Schwartz, “Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise: How Corporate Power Shaped the Affordable Care Act,” New Labor Forum 23, no. 2 (2014): 30–40 © 2014 The Murphy Institute, City University of New York; Kevin Young and Michael Schwartz, “A Neglected Mechanism of Social Movement Political Influence: The Role of Anticorporate and Anti-Institutional Protest in Changing Government Policy,” Mobilization 19, no. 3 (2014): 239–260 © 2014 Mobilization: An International Quarterly; Kevin A. Young, Tarun Banerjee, and Michael Schwartz, “Capital Strikes as a Corporate Political Strategy: The Structural Power of Business in the Obama Era,” Politics and Society 46, no. 1 (2018): 3–28 © 2018 Sage Publications.

      All rights reserved

      The moral rights of the authors have been asserted

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      ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-096-9

      ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-099-0 (LIBRARY)

      ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-097-6 (UK EBK)

      ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-098-3 (US EBK)

       British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Young, Kevin A., author. | Banerjee, Tarun Kumar, 1948– author. | Schwartz, Michael, 1942–

      Title: Levers of power : how the 1% rules and what the 99% can do about it / Kevin A. Young, Tarun Banerjee, and Michael Schwartz.

      Description: London ; New York : Verso, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Levers of Power argues that corporations’ influence ultimately derives from their control over the economic resources on which society depends. When business goes on a ‘capital strike’ by refusing to invest in particular locations or industries, it imposes material hardship on specific groups or even the economy as a whole. For this reason, even politicians who are not dependent on corporate campaign cash must strive to keep capitalists happy”— Provided by publisher.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020006826 (print) | LCCN 2020006827 (ebook) | ISBN 9781788730969 (paperback) | ISBN 9781788730990 (library binding) | ISBN 9781788730983 (ebk)

      Subjects: LCSH: Business and politics—United States. | Corporate power—Political aspects—United States. | Capitalism—Political aspects—United States.

      Classification: LCC JK467 .Y68 2020 (print) | LCC JK467 (ebook) | DDC 322/.30973—dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020006826

      LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020006827

      Typeset in Minion Pro by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh

      Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY

      Contents

Tables and Figures

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Introduction: Shadow and Substance

       PART I: HOW LAWS ARE MADE

1. Where Laws Come From: Schoolhouse Rock! Reconsidered

       2. Seeking Consensus with Industry: The Revision Process in Congress

       PART II: IMPLEMENTING (OR NOT) THE LAW

       3. The System We Are Beholden to Serve: Business Hegemony in the Executive Branch

       4. Attacking the Substance: How Mass Resistance Can Shape the Implementation of Laws

       Conclusion: A Different Substance

       Appendices A–C: Sources, Data, and Results on Antipoverty Funding in the US South

       Index

Tables and Figures

       Figure 1: Articles mentioning healthcare, 1995–2008

       Table 1: The Senate Finance Committee’s ties to the healthcare sector (partial list)

       Table 2: CAP funding by civil rights movement presence

       Figure 2: Predicted CAP funding ($ per poor person) by movement strength

       Figure 3: Predicted CAP funding ($ per poor person) by targeting strategy

Acknowledgments

      This book is the result of more than a decade of research and discussion. The conversations began in late 2009, motivated by an emergent pattern that we began calling The Obama Conundrum. Though the new Obama administration had been elected with a strong mandate for “Change We Can Believe In” and enjoyed filibuster-proof control of Congress, it was not delivering major progressive reforms. We began to see this pattern as reflective of a much bigger theoretical question: what are the obstacles to progressive political change in modern-day societies, and how might we overcome them?

      Our answer has been shaped by our research and by an ongoing discussion among the authors, with input from a large circle

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