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With few ships and aircraft left, Japan was unable to take the initiative in campaigns thereafter. It was under such desperate circumstances that the Kamikaze Special Suicide Attack Corps was initiated by Vice-Admiral Takijiro Ohnishi, also known as the “Father of the Kamikaze,” who arrived in Manila as the incoming Admiral of the 1st Naval Air Fleet.

      Kamikaze Special Suicide Attack missions took various forms. Zeros and other kinds of craft were sacrificed by both the Navy and Army. For example, small manned rockets called “Ouka” were attached to the undercarriage of bombers which flew them towards a target ship. The “Kaiten” was a manned torpedo fired from a mother ship on a oneway trajectory into enemy shipping. Vice Admiral Ohnishi was only in charge of the 1st Naval Air Fleet so there must have been decision makers higher up who formulated strategies that involved both the Navy and Army. Following in the tradition of Samurai warriors, Ohnishi killed himself by cutting his stomach open (seppuku) the day after Japan’s surrender. His suicide was presumably to take responsibility for deaths of young men in Kamikaze attacks. He never apportioned any blame to his superiors, and it has not been clarified to this day who was ultimately responsible for the strategy.

      Vice-Admiral Ohnishi arrived in Manila on October 17, 1944. Two days later, he visited the 201st Air Group’s headquarters in Mabalacat near Clark Field. The town was located about 100km from Manila and was surrounded by several air bases in the Clark grid. Ohnishi met with four 201st Air Group officers including Commander Rikihei Inoguchi and Deputy-Commander Asaichi Tamai. Ohnishi informed them of his plan to form a Kamikaze Special Attack Unit in the 201st Air Group. The officers all concurred.

      Tamai immediately set about recruiting ‘volunteers’ for the first mission. Lieutenant Yukio Seki was appointed captain of the first suicide unit. Tamai then chose other members mainly from among former cadets of Yokaren A-class whom Tamai had instructed. The first Kamikaze suicide mission consisted of four sections with 23 airmen in total.

      Inoguchi and Lieutenant-Commander Tadashi Nakajima (leader of the 201st Air Group) published a book after the war called “Documents of the Kamikaze Special Attack Unit.” It was translated into English in 1958 as The Divine Wind. They described the scene in which pilots were chosen based on Tamai’s account to Inoguchi.

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