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and spiritual arrogance James sets himself in opposition. In this he imitates his brother’s rebuking of the distortions of religion among the professional religionists of his day. The difference is that James is taking aim at the churches of “the Diaspora”—that is to say, the churches or Christian “synagogues” (Jas 2:2) in the gentile world. By extension, as I take pains in my commentary to stress, he continues—as the author of a canonical, that is to say, a perennial text recognized as “God’s word”—to take aim at us.

      VI.

      Outline of the Letter of James

      1:1: Greeting

      1:2–27: Opening Exhortations

      a. Faith and Wisdom (1:2–8)

      b. Poverty and Riches (1:9–11)

      c. Trial and Temptation (1:12–18)

      d. Hearing and Doing the Word (1:19–26)

      e. True Religion (1:27)

      2:1–13: Denunciation of Bias Towards the Wealthy and the Judging of Others

      2:14–26: The Divisive Doctrinal Issue: The Relationship of Faith and Works

      3:1–12: Denunciation of Wrongful Use of the Tongue, With Focus on Those Who Would Teach Others

      3:13—4:10: What is Required for Friendship with God

      a. Two Kinds of Wisdom (3:13–18)

      b. Either Friendship with “the Cosmos” or Friendship with God, But Not with Both (4:1–10)

      4:11–5:6: Admonitions Against Judging Others, Boasting, and Avarice

      a. Do Not Judge One Another (4:11–5:12)

      b. Boasting of One’s Plans While Neglecting to Do Good (4:13–17)

      c. Warnings to the Rich (5:1–6)

      5:7–12: An Appeal for Long-Suffering and Restraint in Speech

      5:13–20: The Communal Life

      A Note About the Translation Used in this Book

      Throughout this book I will be using the recent English version of the New Testament that my brother, David Bentley Hart, translated for Yale University Press (2017). I haven’t chosen it out of a sense of familial loyalty, although that loyalty exists. My chief reason for choosing David’s version, admittedly a self-serving one, is its labor-saving benefit to me. It is as painstaking a literal rendering of the Greek original as one could hope to find. It has saved me the trouble of “re-rendering” verses here and there from a less literal translation such as, for instance, the Revised Standard Version (the version I have tended to use in previous books). All the odd phraseology of the original text is preserved, making it both a little strange to our ears, accustomed as they are to the cadences and customary choices of words that we find repeated in most other English versions. As a translation, it is fresh and new, and yet its close adherence to the original reminds us that the text of the New Testament is ancient and therefore removed from us in time and culture, and so, in some ways, it is not really as familiar to us as we are sometimes lulled into believing. It has been a real boon to make use of this work, and I want to thank David for it here.

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