LITMIR.BIZ

Скачать книгу

pig farms, and countless dairy herds. The cinematic Midwest was River City, Iowa, in The Music Man; Dorothy trying to escape Oz and get back to Kansas; the iconic power of small-town basketball portrayed in Hoosiers; or a mythical baseball diamond in rural Iowa in Field of Dreams. In the late twentieth century, images of deindustrialization and decay linked the region to a new identity as the nation’s Rust Belt. For too many Americans, the Midwest has been “flyover country.”

      This book series explores regional identity in the nation’s past through the lens of the American Midwest. Stereotypical images of the region ignore the complexity and vibrancy of the region, as well as the vital role it has played—and continues to play—in the nation’s economy, politics, and social history. In the antebellum and Civil War periods the Midwest was home to virulent racist opponents of black rights and black migration but also to a vibrant antislavery movement, the vigorous and often successful Underground Railroad, and the political and military leadership that brought an end to slavery and reframed the Constitution to provide at least formal racial equality. A midwestern president issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and midwestern generals led the armies that defeated the southern slaveocracy. Midwestern politicians authored the Thirteenth Amendment ending slavery and the Fourteenth Amendment mandating legal equality for all Americans. The political impact of the region is exemplified by the fact that from 1860 to 1932 only two elected presidents (Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson) were not from the Midwest. Significantly, from 1864 until the 1930s every Chief Justice but one was also a midwesterner.

      While many Americans imagine the region as one of small towns and farms, the Midwest was the home to major urban centers. In 1920 three of the five largest cities in the nation were in the Midwest, and even today, despite massive migration to the sunbelt, there are four midwestern cities in the top fifteen. The great urban centers of the Midwest include Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, St. Louis, and Kansas City. For a century—from the late nineteenth century to the late twentieth century—the region was not only an agricultural heartland but also the nation’s industrial heartland. Many of the key industries of the twentieth century began in the Midwest and developed there. Many midwestern cities were known by the industries they dominated, such as Detroit (automobiles), Toledo (glass), Akron (rubber), flour and milling (Minneapolis), and even breakfast cereals (Battle Creek). While most Americans associate the oil industry with Texas and Oklahoma, it began with John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company in Cleveland. The airplane industry began with the Wright Brothers in Ohio and with the manufacturing of planes in Wichita. While Pittsburgh (which was almost a midwestern city) called itself the “steel city,” more steel was manufactured in Youngstown, Gary, Chicago, Cleveland, and other midwestern cities, usually from ore that came from Minnesota’s Iron Range. The Midwest was always America’s agricultural heartland, producing grains, pork, beef, and dairy products. But this food production led to midwestern industries beyond the farms. Beef and pork raised in the Midwest were processed and packaged in Cincinnati in the antebellum period, and later in Chicago and other cities. Midwestern farmers and food processors fed the nation at lunch and dinner, while General Mills, Kellogg, and Quaker Oats, complemented by bacon from Swift, Armor, and Hormel, provided breakfast for the nation. The cows and hogs that fed the nation were themselves fed by midwestern feed companies, while the crops were cultivated and harvested using machines built by International Harvester, John Deere, Massey-Ferguson, and similar companies.

      All of these products were grown, processed, and manufactured by migrants from the East and the South, and immigrants mostly from Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe and the Ottoman Empire. The Midwest of the popular imagination was homogeneous and almost boring; in reality the Midwest that emerged in the early twentieth century was as culturally, ethnically, racially, and religiously diverse as it was economically diverse.

      The books in this series capture the complexity of the Midwest and its historical and continuing role in the development of modern America.

      Jenny Bourne’s study of the Granger Movement illuminates much about the Midwest and its role in the nation. The movement came out of America’s heartland, as farmers in post–Civil War America felt squeezed by large economic forces, powerful railroads, and other industries (such as those manufacturing tractors and other farm equipment). Railroads, large processing companies, and middlemen controlled the cost of moving goods to market—but the farmers themselves had little power to respond to these powerful entities. The Granger Movement was an attempt by farmers to level the playing field through collective cooperation, voting, and legislation. As Professor Bourne teaches us in this book, sometimes the movement succeeded, but often it failed. Beyond the economic factors, however, the movement also provided education, opportunities for knowledge, and camaraderie among midwestern farmers that helped sustain them in many ways, while sometimes also improving midwesterners’ economic circumstances.

       Paul Finkelman

       L. Diane Barnes

       Acknowledgments

      Many thanks to Carleton colleagues: Nathan Grawe for his unstinting encouragement and friendship, Mark Kanazawa for his expertise on Illinois law, and Aaron Swoboda for his invaluable help in preparing the maps. I am grateful to Gillian Berchowitz, L. Diane Barnes, Nancy Basmajian, and Teresa Jesionowski for editorial advice, the staff at the Minnesota Historical Society for obtaining material and providing a welcoming atmosphere, and T. J. Malaskee for conversations about the present-day Grange. Special thanks to Austin Wahl for constructive criticism and superb photography, and to Jackson Wahl for pithy observations on what to include in graphs and text (and, more important, what to omit). I am indebted most of all to Paul Finkelman, whose support, kindness, and generosity are beyond measure.

       Introduction

      United by the strong and faithful tie of Agriculture, we mutually resolve to labor for the good of our order, our country, and mankind. We heartily [e]ndorse the motto, “In essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity.”

      —Declaration of Purposes of the Patrons of Husbandry¹

      The Carrabelle and Thomasville Railroad Company received its corporate charter on 17 February 1881. A new railroad proposed at this time in US history was not surprising: total rail mileage across the reunified nation more than doubled in the ten years after the Civil War and would nearly double again in the following decade.² But one name on this particular charter—Oliver Hudson Kelley—is startling. In 1867, Kelley had founded the Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange, a group centered primarily in the Midwest and best known for its association with Gilded-Age laws aimed at curbing the monopoly power of railroads.

      Kelley’s involvement with the Carrabelle and Thomasville highlights the complex, ambivalent relationship between traditional agriculture and modern modes of business and transportation. The Grange movement itself constitutes a major episode in American economic history; the Grange organization made its mark on American legal history as well. Its crucial center in the Midwest helps us understand the importance of that region to the development of the US economy and US jurisprudence in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. This book also explores a fascinating slice of social history from the American Midwest via a century of records left by a local Minnesota chapter of the Grange.

      The heyday of the Patrons of Husbandry came just after the Civil War. Chapter 1 explores their origins, stated purposes, and structure. The war and its aftermath exacted a toll on small farmers, leaving them ripe for an organization that took their interests to heart. Fees charged by middlemen and railroads seemed particularly oppressive, and frequent financial upheavals throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries created considerable anxiety for rural households. Oliver Kelley’s vision of agricultural collaboration seemed providential to isolated, indebted smallholders.

      Improving the economic status of farmers via collective action was the heart of the Grange’s original mission. Kelley was an indefatigable organizer; his Masonic background helped

Скачать книгу