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      In Essentials, Unity

       New Approaches to Midwestern Studies

      SERIES EDITORS: PAUL FINKELMAN AND L. DIANE BARNES

      Nikki M. Taylor, Driven toward Madness: The Fugitive Slave Margaret Garner and Tragedy on the Ohio

      Jenny Bourne, In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement

       IN ESSENTIALS UNITY

      An Economic History of the Grange Movement

       JENNY BOURNE

      Ohio University Press

      Athens

      Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701

       ohioswallow.com

      © 2017 by Ohio University Press

      All rights reserved

      To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax).

      Printed in the United States of America

      Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paper ™

      27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 5 4 3 2 1

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request.

      Hardcover ISBN 978-0-8214-2236-6

      Paperback ISBN 978-0-8214-2237-3

      eISBN 978-0-8214-4581-5

       book supported by Figure Foundation progress with truth

       For Austin, Jackson, and my kin at Thomas Farms

       Contents

       List of Illustrations

       Series Editors’ Preface

       Acknowledgments

       Introduction

       1. “Our Agricultural Brotherhood”: Origins, Purposes, and Structure

       2. The Granger Railroad Laws

       3. The Grange’s Ambitious Experiments with Private Cooperation

       4. The Grange as a Fraternal, Educational, and Charitable Organization: The Minnehaha Grange as a Case Study

       5. Legacies of the Grange: Its Influence on Grassroots Organizations and American Law

       Notes

       References

       Index

       Illustrations

       Figures

       1.1. Grangers versus Grasshoppers, 1880

       1.2. Oliver Kelley, 1875

       1.3. Grange Membership, 1875–1960

       1.4. Oliver Kelley Farm, 2013

       1.5. Minnehaha Grange Hall, 1945

       1.6. Minnehaha Grange Hall, 2013

       1.7. Grange Badge, 1867

       1.8. Officers of the Minnehaha Grange, 1944–45

       1.9. Degree Tableaux, 1947

       1.10. Organizational Structure of the Grange

       1.11. Midwestern Farm Prices and Consumer Price Index, 1870–1900

       1.12. Farm and Economy-Wide Productivity, 1800–1900

       1.13. Density of Minnesota Granges by County and Minnesota Railroad Lines, 1874

       2.1. First Locomotive into St. Peter, Minnesota, 1870

       3.1. Ignatius Donnelly, 1880

       3.2. Regional Proportions of Grange Families, 1875–1960

       3.3. Farm Organization Membership, 1874–1933

       3.4. Farm Organization Membership, 1936–84

       3.5. Membership Reported to Minnesota State Grange, 1881–1916

       3.6. Percent Change in Grange Membership and Real Per Capita Farm Income, 1917–30

       3.7. Establishment of Newly Organized Minnesota Granges by County, 1900–1970

       4.1. First Worthy Master James A. Bull, Minnehaha Grange

       4.2. Monument to Caroline Hall, Lakewood Cemetery, Minneapolis

       4.3. Lumberjack Night, 1948

       4.4. Minnehaha Grange State Fair Booth, 1948

       4.5. Parade Float, Minnehaha Grange, 1947

       4.6. Ladies’ Nail-Driving Contest, 1947

       4.7. Men’s Needle-Threading Contest, 1947

       Table

       1.1. Farm Number, Size, and Value, 1850–80

       Series Editors’ Preface

      For much of American history the term “Midwest” evoked images of endless fields of grain, flat, treeless landscapes, and homogenized populations in small towns. Most Americans hear “Midwest”

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