Revelation - Gordon D. Fee New Covenant Commentary Series

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offspring that concerns Christ, but the necessity to bring an end to those who have become her spiritual offspring.

      The second part of the puzzle lies with the verb “strike dead.” Again, is this intended to be a literal judgment on them for allowing themselves to be duped by foolishness? Or does this refer to the final outcome of their suffering if they do not repent and thus come to their senses? The answer in this case is much more difficult to determine, but all things considered in the context of the Revelation as a whole, it would seem most likely to refer to more immediate “death,” which at the same time would leave them without any hope of a future with Christ and his people. After all, how could the next sentence have meaning for the rest, if this were not so?

      In any case, the goal of this judgment on Jezebel and her children is that all the churches will know (clear evidence that the letters are intended for all to read) two realities about the risen Christ. First, he is the one who searches hearts and minds. One can scarcely miss the very high Christology that is assumed by this declaration on the part of our Lord. Whatever else Israel understood about their God, they knew that ultimately it was not just the creation of the physical world, nor the fact that he could see what people did, that made Yahweh unlike the gods of the surrounding peoples. Rather, one of the major things that set Yahweh apart from others was the fact that Israel’s God saw into people’s hearts, and thus understood their thinking and deepest motives. Thus the psalmist cried out, “search me . . . and know my heart” (Psalm 139:23), and through Jeremiah Yahweh himself spoke to his people, “I the LORD search the heart and examine the mind” (Jeremiah 17:10). Thus in the present context, the judgments to be meted out on “Jezebel” and her “children” will mean that “all the churches” will know that Christ himself assumes this highest of divine characteristics.

      Moreover, and precisely because Christ can “search the hearts and minds,” he will repay each of you according to your deeds. One should not miss the sudden change of personal pronouns at this point in the letter. What began as “unless they repent of her ways” is then followed with “all the churches will know,” which in turn is followed by “I will repay each of you according to your deeds.” Thus, whether intended so by John or not, lying at the center of the letters to the seven churches is this word of both comfort and warning to them all. Now the appellation at the beginning of the letter, “the words of the Son of God,” also makes good sense. The one speaking these words to the believers in Thyatira is at the same time speaking them to all the churches, and thus through John to all the subsequent readers of this document. So also while it is true that this clause comes at the end of the section of admonition, it further serves as the appropriate lead-in to the words of encouragement that follow.

      To this point John’s concern has been with the influence of “Jezebel” on this community as a whole, and the description has been all about her, both her false teaching and the Lord’s judgment on her; and all of this for the sake of “all the churches.” But with verse 24 the living Christ addresses the rest of you in Thyatira by way of admonition; and quite in keeping with the concerns of the letter, “the rest” are described in terms over against Jezebel herself. Thus you do not hold to her teaching and have not learned Satan’s so-called deep secrets. This latter phrase comes unexpectedly to the reader, since nothing that has preceded would indicate that her teaching is either related to Satan or is full of “deep secrets.” In fact, the NIV has simply tried to make good sense in English of a phrase in Greek that literally says, “who have not known the depths of Satan, as they call it.” A straightforward reading of this clause suggests that Jezebel and her followers are themselves responsible for calling their “deep secrets” the “depths of Satan,” whatever that might mean. Scholarly guesses, of course, have been long forthcoming; but in fact no one from this distance can be sure of either the what or the why of this teaching, or of the intent that lay behind calling it by this name. Very likely she was promoting her own teaching as “the deep things of God,” whereas reality is that she was teaching the deep things of Satan. Another credible option is that, very much like the church in Corinth, she had argued that since an idol has no reality as such, one can enter the deep places of Satan himself without fearing harm. In any case, what is certain is that John, through revelation from Christ, recognizes her teaching as an abomination, while many of the believers in Thyatira seem obviously not to have done so.

      In the concluding paragraph, and for reasons that are not at all clear, a subtle change in the order of things takes place, which is also maintained in the following three letters. Thus the admonition, Whoever has ears, let them hear, which occurs at this point in the first three letters, now appears at the end. What these believers receive, rather, is a lavish promise, made to those who—in keeping with what is said to the other churches—are victorious, which in this case is elaborated with the addition of do my will to the end. That is, being “victorious” in John’s understanding lies with doing Christ’s will on a continuing basis. The promise is expressed altogether in biblical terms: I will give the “victorious” authority over the nations, which is then elaborated, they will rule them with an iron scepter and will dash them to pieces like pottery. This language is taken directly from the Septuagint of Psalm 2:8–9. The first promise echoes 2:8, where David is told by Yahweh to “ask of me” and “I will give you the nations for your inheritance.” Although on its own one might question whether John had this passage in mind, what is said next makes it certain, since it is a nearly direct citation of verse 2:9.

      The significance of this citation lies with the fact that this psalm, placed at the beginning of the Davidic psalter, was understood by early Christians to find its fulfillment in Christ (see, e.g., Acts 13:33 and Matt 3:17). Thus the implication of the promise is that these believers would be participating with Christ in the final judgment of the nations (see Luke 22:28–30 and 1 Corinthians 6:2; cf. also Rev. 12:5). It is this reality that lies behind the addition, just as I have received authority from my Father, which again in its own way reflects a Christian understanding of Psalm 2.

      But that is not all. Christ will also give them the morning star. Here is yet another obscure image for those of us reading the document at a much later time. The term first occurs in an especially obscure passage in Isaiah 14:12, where it most likely refers to the fallen king of Babylon, and thus has a negative referent. But the present usage is altogether positive, and in 22:16 below Christ himself is called “the bright Morning Star.” Thus perhaps what John understood this to mean was that the victors will be given eschatological glory, which they will share with Christ himself. Or perhaps this is a somewhat obtuse way of indicating that they will receive Christ himself (= be eternally in his presence) as the ultimate prize of their victory.

      To the Church in Sardis (3:1–6)

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