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Gregory, then host of the venerable Meet the Press on NBC, asked Greenwald “to the extent that you have aided and abetted Snowden . . . why shouldn’t you . . . be charged with a crime?”⁴ Jeffrey Toobin, a lawyer who labors for CNN and The New Yorker, called Snowden a “grandiose narcissist who belongs in prison” and referred to Greenwald’s partner, David Miranda, who was detained by British authorities for nine hours under anti-terror laws, the equivalent of a “drug mule.”⁵

      The king of calumny is Michael Grunwald, a senior correspondent for Time, who wrote on Twitter that he couldn’t “wait to write a defense of the drone strike that takes out Julian Assange.” The New York Times also targeted Assange, although the paper cooperated with WikiLeaks in 2010 in publishing reams of information from Private Manning’s revelations. Of course, if Time or the New York Times had broken these stories, they would have built new shelves to hold their Pulitzer Prizes. Their hypocrisy was exposed by David Carr of the New York Times, who expressed shock at finding Assange and Greenwald “under attack, not just from a government bent on keeping its secrets, but from friendly fire by fellow journalists.”⁶

      I didn’t reveal abuses as great as those revealed by Manning and Snowden or Daniel Ellsberg, but I do claim status as a whistleblower because of my revelations before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence during confirmation hearings for Bob Gates, who was nominated by President George H.W. Bush in 1991 to be director of central intelligence. According to U.S. law, the term “whistleblower” applies to anyone who “reasonably believes” he or she is disclosing a violation of law or gross mismanagement, gross waste, or abuse of authority. My testimony documented for the first time the intentional distortion of intelligence by CIA director William Casey and Deputy Director Gates in order to serve the agenda of Ronald Reagan and his administration.

      Bob Gates was an old friend, but the friendship ended when he routinely distorted intelligence throughout the 1980s as deputy director for intelligence and deputy director of the CIA. In destroying the political culture of the CIA, he created a toxic and corrupt environment at the Agency, and the Senate Intelligence Committee’s report on CIA detention and torture reminds us that the Agency hasn’t recovered.

      Being a contrarian was easy and natural for me. In fact, no one should think about entering the intelligence profession without good contrarian instincts. Such instincts would include an innate skepticism, the doubting of conventional wisdom and a willingness to challenge authority, which translates to an ability to tell truth to power. These contrarian instincts are essential to the success of any intelligence organization. As Rogers and Hammerstein would have it, it was “doing what comes naturally!”

      My book The Failure of Intelligence: The Decline and Fall of the CIA was the first insider account from an intelligence analyst regarding the skewed and politicized assessments of the CIA’s Directorate of Intelligence—the Agency’s analytic arm. I also exposed the strategic failure of covert actions that were never intended to be a part of President Harry Truman’s CIA. I wrote the book for many reasons, including the need to describe the inability of journalists to take into account, let alone understand, the dangers of politicization and the actions of CIA directors such as Casey, Gates, and more recently Goss and Tenet. The political pliancy of these directors fully compromised the intelligence mission of the CIA, and it was political pliancy that made directors such as Gates and Tenet so attractive to Presidents Reagan, Bush I, and Bush II.

      For the past quarter century, my testimony and writings have exposed the failure to honor President Truman’s purpose in creating a CIA to provide policymakers with accurate, unbiased accounts of international developments, and have highlighted the CIA’s readiness to cater to the White House. This view is not original with me; in fact, it was President Truman who first acknowledged that the CIA he created in 1947 had gotten off the tracks under Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy in the 1950s and early 1960s.

      In December 1963, less than a month after the assassination of President Kennedy, Truman wrote an op-ed for the Washington Post to document the wrongs of the CIA. He concluded that his efforts to “create the quiet intelligence arm of the Presidency” had been subverted by a “sinister” and “mysterious” agency that was conducting far too many clandestine activities in peacetime. I lectured at the Truman Library in the summer of 2014, and found a note in Truman’s hand that stated the CIA was not designed to “initiate policy or to act as a spy organization. That was never the intention when it was organized.”

      In The Failure of Intelligence, I documented the CIA’s resistance to reform and the corruption in both the analytical and operational directorates. I made a case for starting over at the CIA, not dissimilar from the case made by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan 25 years ago as a member of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Not every agency or department of government can be reformed, and it is possible that the intricate web of habits, procedures, and culture places the CIA in the non-reformable category. Once the political culture of an institution such as the CIA has been broken, it is extremely difficult—if not impossible—to rebuild or repair it.

      Serious organizations, including both houses of Congress, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the 20th Century Fund, have made realistic and substantive proposals for changing the agency. But here we are in the 21st century with a CIA that develops phony intelligence arguments for launching wars, employing torture and abuse, operating secret prisons, making erroneous renditions, and censoring details of its operations. Federal courts are permitting the CIA to block the public from seeing intelligence documents dealing with the invasion of Cuba more than 50 years ago, and the former chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Dianne Feinstein, has produced a seminal document on CIA abuses that the White House and the CIA will not declassify, and the Department of Justice won’t read. The fact that the report is a partisan document representing only Democratic members of the committee is troublesome.

      Reviewers of The Failure of Intelligence acknowledged that the book exposed the militarization and manipulation of intelligence that has taken place in the U.S. intelligence community since the Cold War ended in 1991.⁷ Seymour Hersh credited me with trying to “right a dangerous wrong,” which is the definition of whistleblowing. Burton Hersh, the author of The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA, noted that my “corridor battles” with Casey and Gates were taking place long before I testified to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence about the soft-pedaling of evidence that the Soviet Union was falling apart in order to promote the Reagan administration’s bloated defense spending. Gates can be forgiven by some, but not by me, for exaggerating the Soviet threat when in reality the system was heading toward collapse; Gates should never be forgiven for insisting that his subordinates in the analytic cadre of the CIA be similarly wrong.

      The negative connotations of the word “whistleblower” are worrisome. Until consumer advocate Ralph Nader popularized it in the 1970s, the term had a negative meaning. According to the Wall Street Journal, the idiomatic “blowing the whistle” emerged in the American vernacular in the early 20th century to describe a boxing referee ending a bout or a football official stopping play to announce a penalty.⁸ In a 1909 story by Sewell Ford, the earthy protagonist Shorty McCabe cuts off the garrulous Sadie Sullivan by saying, “Blow the whistle on that, can’t you?” By the 1930s, “blowing the whistle” on someone could imply the dramatic revelation of something illicit, and in certain walks of life that meant getting painted as a “rat” or a “snitch.” In 1936, a New York sports-writer referred to someone who had exposed the fakery of professional wrestling as a “whistleblower, which is unforgivable.”⁹

      

      Nader rescued the term in the 1970s, acknowledging that the term whistleblower was not appreciated, but asserting that it was not a synonym for “fink or stool pigeon, a squealer or an informer, who rats on his employer.” Ironically, when Nader raised the issue he was speaking to the annual convention of the Association of Computing Machinery, warning that the collection of huge “data banks” might prevent people from “speaking out and blowing the whistle against the system.” By exposing the National Security Agency’s large-scale surveillance of the American people, that’s what Edward Snowden

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