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       3. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 15r, Matthew’s angel as the Evangelist

       4. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fols. 16v–17r, dedication

       5. Baltimore, The Walters Art Museum, W7, mid–eleventh century, fol. 9v. Photo © 2014 The Walters Art Museum, used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license

       6. Master of the Vienna Gregory Tablet, depiction of the Christian sacrifice of the Mass, Lorraine, about 875 or late tenth century. Frankfurt, Liebieghaus, on loan from the Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek. Photo © Liebieghaus Skulpturensammlung—ARTOTHEK

       7. DS 82, Golden Virgin and Child, early eleventh century

       8. Clermont Communauté, Bibliothèque du Patrimoine, MS 145, tenth century, fol. 130v (detail), drawing of a reliquary. Photo: Bibliothèque du Patrimoine, Clermont Communauté

       9. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 16v, window (detail)

       10. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Codex Latinus Monacensis [Clm] 13601 (Uta Codex), fols. 3v–4r, Symbolic Crucifixion; Bishop Erhard Celebrating the Mass. Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München

       11. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fols. 18v–19r, Calling of the Evangelist Matthew and Dinner at the House of Levi; Portrait of Matthew (right)

       12. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fols. 75v–76r, Noli me tangere and Peter Charging Mark to Write the Gospels; Portrait of Mark

       13. Prague, Knihovna metropolitni kapituly, Cim. 2 (Prague Gospels), ninth century, fols. 82v–83r, Mark with Peter; Portrait of Mark. Photo: Knihovna metropolitni kapituly

       14. Prague, Knihovna metropolitni kapituly, Cim. 2 (Prague Gospels), fols. 125v–126r, Luke with Paul; Portrait of Luke. Photo: Knihovna metropolitni kapituly

       15. Prague, Knihovna metropolitni kapituly, Cim. 2 (Prague Gospels), fols. 23v–24r, Christ Calls Matthew; Portrait of Matthew. Photo: Knihovna metropolitni kapituly

       16. Prague, Knihovna metropolitni kapituly, Cim. 2 (Prague Gospels), fols. 185v–186r, Last Supper; Portrait of John. Photo: Knihovna metropolitni kapituly

       17. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 75r, John the Baptist Preaching and Christ Calling the Apostles

       18. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 111r, Annunciation to Zacharias and Zacharias Leaving the Temple

       19. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 111v, Visitation and Naming of John the Baptist

       20. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 174v, Baptism of Christ (detail)

       21. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 18r, Nativity/Adoration

       22. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 174r, Christ in Majesty

       23. Clm 13601 (Uta Codex), fol. 89v, Christ in Majesty (detail). Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München

       24. Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Msc. Bibl. 94 (Gospels from Cologne), fols. 154v–155r, prefatory page to John. Photo: Gerald Raab

       25. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 118v, Heavenly Crucifixion and Portrait of Luke

       26. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 175v, Ascension and Portrait of John

       27. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 75v, Noli me tangere and Peter Charging Mark to Write the Gospels

       28. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 76r, Portrait of Mark (detail)

       29. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), fol. 118r, Last Supper and Judas with the High Priests

       30. DS 13 (Franco-Saxon Gospels), front cover

       31. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), front cover

       32. DS 18 (Bernward Gospels), back cover

       33. DS 6, crucifix, after 1007 with twelfth-century additions

       34. DS L 109, crux gemmata, ca. 1150–93, with eleventh-century spolia

       35. Hildesheim, Holy Cross Church, Cloisters, Bernward holding the gemmed cross, in situ, ca. 1400

      My interest in the Bernward Gospels began at The Johns Hopkins University and my foremost thanks are due to that institution and its History of Art Department, which provided support throughout my doctoral studies. I owe Herbert Kessler a particularly deep debt of gratitude for his mentorship, continued insight, and ongoing encouragement. I must also thank Henry Maguire for offering necessary advice and support at every stage of this project. At Penn State Press, I am most grateful to Eleanor Goodman for guiding me through the publication process. I also wish to thank the Press as a whole for its concerted effort to produce this book and am delighted to acknowledge the two readers engaged by the Press, Adam Cohen and Lawrence Nees, for their careful review of my study and thoughtful comments.

      This project would not have been possible without the financial support of many institutions along the way and the help of those who worked there. In Germany, I continue to rely heavily on the good will of Michael Brandt, Claudia Höhl, and especially Gerhard Lutz of the Dom and Diözesanmuseum in Hildesheim. They have permitted me to consult Bernward’s manuscripts, provided beautiful reproductions,

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