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       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: DeWispelare, Daniel, author.

      Title: Multilingual subjects : on standard English, its speakers, and others in the long eighteenth century / Daniel DeWispelare.

      Description: 1st edition. | Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2016050486 | ISBN 978–0-8122–4909–5 (hardcover : alk. paper)

      Subjects: LCSH: English language—Political aspects—English-speaking countries—History—18th century. | English language—Political aspects—Great Britain—History—18th century. | Multilingualism—English-speaking countries—History—18th century. | English language—Social aspects—English-speaking countries—History—18th century. | Sociolinguistics—English-speaking countries—History—18th century. | English language—English-speaking countries—Standardization—History—18th century. | English language—English-speaking countries—Variation—History—18th century. | Language policy—English-speaking countries—History—18th century. | Language and languages—Philosophy—History—18th century. | Translating and interpreting—English-speaking countries—History—18th century.

      Classification: LCC P119.3 .D487 2017 | DDC 306.442/21—dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016050486

      To my father

      Daniel DeWispelare

      March 29, 1949–September 25, 2010

      If I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall

      be unto him that speaketh a barbarian; and he

      that speaketh shall be a barbarian to me.

      —1 Corinthians 14:11, King James Version

      Opacities must be preserved; an appetite

      for opportune obscurity in translation must

      be created; and falsely convenient vehicular

      sabirs must be relentlessly refuted.

      —Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation

      CONTENTS

       Introduction. Multiplicity and Relation: Toward an Anglophone Eighteenth Century

       MULTILINGUAL LIVES: Peros, Jack, Neptune, and Cupid

       Chapter 1. The Multilingualism of the Other: Politics, Counterpolitics, Anglophony, and Beyond

       MULTILINGUAL LIVES: Reverend Lyons

       Chapter 2. De Copia: Language, Politics, and Aesthetics

       MULTILINGUAL LIVES: Dorothy Pentreath and William Bodener

       Chapter 3. De Libertate: Anglophony and the Idea of “Free” Translation

       MULTILINGUAL LIVES: Joseph Emin

       Chapter 4. Literacy Fictions: Making Linguistic Difference Legible

       MULTILINGUAL LIVES: Antera Duke

       Chapter 5. The “Alien Wealth” of “Lucky Contaminations”: Freedom, Labor, and Translation

       MULTILINGUAL LIVES: Sequoyah

       Conclusion. Anglophone Futures: Globalization and Divination, Language and the Humanities

       Appendix A. Selected “Dialect” Prose

       Appendix B. Selected “Dialect” Poetry

       Notes

       Works Cited

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      INTRODUCTION

      Multiplicity and Relation

      Toward an Anglophone Eighteenth Century

      Johnson, Scott, and the Highlanders

      By subsequent opportunities of observation, I found that my host’s diction had nothing peculiar. Those Highlanders that can speak English, commonly speak it well, with few of the words, and little of the tone by which a Scotchman is distinguished. Their language seems to have been learned in the army or the navy, or by some communication with those who could give them good examples of accent and pronunciation. By their Lowland neighbours they would not willingly be taught; for they have long considered them as a mean and degenerate race. These prejudices are wearing fast away, but so much of them still remains, that when I asked a very learned minister in the islands, which they considered as their most savage clans: “Those, said he, that live next the Lowlands.”¹

      This passage from Samuel Johnson’s Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1775) registers

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