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XXXIII. HOW THE ASSEMBLY THAT MEN CALL GATHERING SHOULD BE MADE BOTH WINTER AND SUMMER AFTER THE GUISE OF BEYOND THE SEA XXXIV. HOW THE HART SHOULD BE MOVED WITH THE LYMER AND RUN TO AND SLAIN WITH STRENGTH XXXV. HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD SEEK AND FIND THE HARE WITH RUNNING HOUNDS AND SLAY HER WITH STRENGTH XXXVI. OF THE ORDINANCE AND THE MANNER OF HUNTING WHEN THE KING WILL HUNT IN FORESTS OR IN PARKS FOR THE HART WITH BOWS AND GREYHOUNDS AND STABLE

       APPENDIX

       LIST OF SOME BOOKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT

       GLOSSARY

       INDEX

ILLUSTRATIONS

       FOX HUNTING “ABOVE GROUND”

       GASTON PHŒBUS SURROUNDED BY HUNTSMEN AND HOUNDS

       THE HARE AND HER LEVERETS

       HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN WOODS

       BUCK-HUNTING WITH RUNNING HOUNDS

       ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS

       BADGER-DRAWING

       OTTER-HUNTING

       HOW THE HOUNDS WERE LED OUT

       RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

       THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS

       THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT

       THE KENNEL AND THE KENNELMEN

       THE MASTER TEACHING HIS HUNTSMAN HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART WITH THE LIMER OR TRACKHOUND

       HOW A GREAT HART IS TO BE KNOWN BY HIS “FUMES” (EXCREMENTS)

       HOW THE HUNTER SHOULD VIEW THE HART

       HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS

       HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS RUNNING HOUNDS

       HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS

       NETTING HARES IN THEIR “MUSES”

       THE “UNDOING” OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART: THE MASTER INSTRUCTING HIS HUNTERS HOW IT IS DONE

       HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES

       THE “CURÉE” OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS

       SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS

INTRODUCTION

      THE “Master of Game” is the oldest as well as the most important work on the chase in the English language that has come down to us from the Middle Ages.

      Written between the years 1406 and 1413 by Edward III.’s grandson Edward, second Duke of York, our author will be known to every reader of Shakespeare’s “Richard II.,” for he is no other than the arch traitor Duke of Aumarle, previously Earl of Rutland, who, according to some historians, after having been an accomplice in the murder of his uncle Gloucester, carried in his own hand on a pole the head of his brother-in-law. The student of history, on the other hand, cannot forget that this turbulent Plantagenet was the gallant leader of England’s vanguard at Agincourt, where he was one of the great nobles who purchased with their lives what was probably the most glorious victory ever vouchsafed to English arms.

      He tells us in his Prologue, in which he dedicates his “litel symple book” to Henry, eldest son of his cousin Henry IV., “Kyng of Jngelond and of Fraunce,” that he is the Master of Game at the latter’s court.

      Let it at once be said that the greater part of the book before us is not the original work of Edward of York, but a careful and almost literal translation from what is indisputably the most famous hunting book of all times, i.e. Count Gaston de Foix’s Livre de Chasse, or, as author and book are often called, Gaston Phœbus, so named because the author, who was a kinsman of the Plantagenets, and who reigned over two principalities in southern France and northern Spain, was renowned for his manly beauty and golden hair. It is he of whom Froissart has to tell us so much that is quaint and interesting in his inimitable chronicle. La Chasse, as Gaston de Foix tells us in his preface, was commenced on May 1, 1387, and as he came to his end on a bear hunt not much more than four years later, it is very likely that his youthful Plantagenet kinsman, our author, often met him during his prolonged residence in Aquitaine, of which, later on, he became the Governor.

      Fortunately for us, the enforced leisure which the Duke of York enjoyed while imprisoned in Pevensey Castle for his traitorous connection with the plots of his sister to assassinate the King and to carry off their two young kinsmen, the Mortimers, the elder of whom was the heir presumptive to the throne, was of sufficient length to permit him not only to translate La Chasse but to add five original chapters dealing with English hunting.

      These chapters, as well as the numerous interpolations made by the translator, are all of the first importance to the student of venery, for they emphasise the changes—as yet but very trifling ones—that had been introduced into Britain in the three hundred and two score years that had intervened since the Conquest, when the French language and French hunting customs became established on English soil. To enable the reader to see at a glance which parts of the “Master of Game” are original, these are printed in italics.

      The text, of which a modern rendering is here given, is taken from the best of the existing nineteen MSS. of the “Master of Game,” viz. the Cottonian MS. Vespasian B. XII., in the British Museum, dating from about 1420. The quaint English of Chaucer’s day, with its archaic contractions, puzzling orthography, and long, obsolete technical terms in this MS. are not always as easy to read as those who only wish to get a general insight into the contents of the “Master of Game” might wish. It was a difficult question to decide to what extent this text should be modernised. If translated completely into twentieth century English a great part of the charm and interest of the original would be lost. For this reason many of the old terms of venery and the construction of sentences have been retained where possible, so that the general reader will be able to appreciate the “feeling” of the old work without being unduly puzzled. In a few cases where, through the omission of words, the sense was left undetermined, it has been made clear after carefully consulting other English MSS. and the French parent work.

      It seemed very desirable to elucidate the textual description of hunting by the reproduction of good contemporary illuminations, but unfortunately English art had not at that period reached the high state of perfection which French art had attained. As a matter of fact, only two of the nineteen English MSS. contain these pictorial aids, and they are of very inferior artistic merit. The French MSS. of La Chasse, on the other hand, are in several cases exquisitely illuminated, and MS. f. fr. 616, which is the copy from which our reproductions—much reduced in size, alas!—are made, is not only the best of them, but is one of the most precious treasures of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. These superb miniatures are unquestionably some of the finest handiwork of French miniaturists at a period when they occupied the first rank in the world of art.

      The editors have added a short Appendix, elucidating ancient hunting customs and terms of the chase. Ancient terms of venery often baffle every attempt of the student who is not intimately acquainted with the French and German literature of hunting. On one occasion I appealed in vain to Professor Max Müller and to the learned Editor of the Oxford Dictionary. “I regret to say

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