LITMIR.BIZ

      St John’s Church at Slebech (Walk 27)

      Until the beginning of the last century, Pembrokeshire was less ‘land’s end’ and more ‘gateway’, not on the periphery but rather at the hub. Before the coming of the railways it was a maritime land, connected by sea routes to Britain’s great ports, Ireland, northwest Europe and far beyond. Despite the dangers and vagaries of the sea, its unpredictable weather and rudimentary navigation, travel by boat around the coasts was relatively commonplace, and for bulky or weighty cargoes it was the only economically practical means of transport. This allowed the exploitation of Pembrokeshire’s natural resources such as slate, stone and coal, as well as its rich farming land, and many landings and coves around the coast and along the tidal inlets were once hives of industrial activity.

      Over five thousand years ago there was an established trade with Ireland, bringing precious gold and copper from the Wicklow Mountains to the main centres of Bronze Age civilisation in southern Britain on Salisbury Plain. For the Celts, too, the sea was a highway, encouraging migration, the spread of ideas and the exchange of artefacts and produce. After the Romans left Britain, Christendom established itself along those very same routes and Pembrokeshire assumed an importance comparable with other notable devotional centres around the land, such as Iona off Mull and Holy Island off the Northumberland coast. Indeed, St David’s headland is one of the places from which it is claimed that St Patrick embarked on his Christian mission to Ireland in AD432, and by the early centuries of the second millennium, such had become its importance that two or three pilgrimages to St David’s had the same spiritual standing as a journey to Rome or Jerusalem.

      The Vikings were less welcome visitors, but the Welsh never lost the thread of their independent culture, even with the later settlement in at least part of Pembrokeshire by the Normans. Under them, important trading ports developed such as Tenby and Pembroke, protected by great castles that sought both to establish authority over the land and define a frontier line of defence. Political quarrels with Spain and, later, France saw the strengthening of coastal fortifications, most spectacularly around the vast inlet of Milford Haven, where naval dockyards exploited one of the world’s finest natural harbours, and which Nelson considered second only to Trincomalee in present-day Sri Lanka.