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      The Politics of European Citizenship

      The Politics of

      European Citizenship

      Deepening Contradictions in

      Social Rights and Migration Policy

      Peo Hansen and Sandy Brian Hager

      First published in 2010 by

       Berghahn Books

       www.berghahnbooks.com

      ©2010, 2012 Peo Hansen and Sandy Brian Hager

      First paperback edition published in 2012.

      All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages

      for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book

      may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or

      mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information

      storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,

      without written permission of the publisher.

       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Hansen, Peo.

      The Politics of European Citizenship : Deepening Contradictions in Social Rights and Migration Policy> / Peo Hansen and Sandy Brian Hager.

      p. cm.

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-1-84545-733-4 (hbk.) – ISNB 978-0-85745-621-2 (pbk.) – ISNB 978-1-84545-991-8 (ebk.)

      1. Citizenship–European Union countries. 2. Civil rights—Europe. 3. European Union countries—Emigration and immigration. 4. European Union. I. Hager, Sandy Brian. II. Title.

      JN40.H36 2010

      323.6094–dc22

      2010013458

       British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

      ISBN 978-1-84545-733-4 hardback

      ISNB 978-0-85745-621-2 paperback

      ISNB 978-1-84545-991-8 ebook

      For historical and structural reasons, a European “constitution of citizenship” can only emerge on the condition of being more democratic than the traditional constitutions of the “national states”—or it will be deprived of any legitimacy, any capacity to “represent” the populations and solve (or mediate) their social conflicts (be they conflicts of economic interests or cultural-religious loyalties).

      —Étienne Balibar

      (We, the People of Europe?, 2004)

      

Contents

       Preface

       Abbreviations

       Introduction. European Integration and the Problem of Citizenship

       I. Theory and History of EU Citizenship

       Chapter 1. Theorizing Citizenship in the EU: Towards a Critical History

       Chapter 2. The Origins of EU Citizenship (1950–1980)

       Chapter 3. A Citizens’ Europe for Whom? Social Citizenship, Migration, and the Neoliberal Relaunch of European Integration (1980–1995)

       II. The Current Trajectories of Citizenship Politics in the EU

       Chapter 4. “No Rights Without Responsibilities”: Adapting Citizens for the New European Economy

       Chapter 5. A New EU Politics of Migration, a New Politics of EU Citizenship? Analyzing the Amsterdam Treaty and Tampere Program

       Chapter 6. “At the Heart of Citizens’ Interests”: EU Migration Policy in the Hague Program

       Conclusion. The Politics of European Citizenship: Power Asymmetries, Contradictions, and Trajectories

       Afterword to the Paperback Edition

       References

       Index

      

Preface

      This book traces the politics of European citizenship as it has unfolded since the beginning of the European integration project in the 1950s to the present day. Our main focus, though, lies with the more contemporary developments, stretching from the mid-1980s—or the commencement of the EU’s Single Market project—until the present. The idea of writing this book took shape in the aftermath of the French and Dutch No votes in the referenda on the EU’s Constitutional Treaty in 2005. Ironically enough, as we were about to finish writing the book, in the summer of 2009, we found ourselves in the still uncertain aftermath of yet another “shocking” EU referendum: the Irish No to the Lisbon Treaty. (At the time of going to press, the Lisbon treaty had been ratified, in November 2009, via a second Irish referendum, held in October 2009.)

      Given the serious challenges that the French and Dutch referenda were to pose to the direction of the European project, we felt an urge to craft an analysis that could provide both a broad and thorough understanding of the social purpose and historical trajectory of EU citizenship. We thus aimed to move beyond the existing approaches to the study of EU citizenship, which are largely dominated by rather narrow foci on normative prescriptions and visions, on the one side, and legal-institutional descriptions and policy recommendations, on the other. Through our broad focus on the interrelated matters of political economy, social rights, and migration—all of which were central elements in the heated referenda debates—we instead wanted to highlight the enormous stakes, deep-seated contradictions, and widening power asymmetries that shape the content, purpose, and struggle of EU citizenship. In essence, our intention was to speak to the urgency involved in the current politics of European citizenship: to a European Union plagued by increasing social exclusion and labour insecurity, rampant exploitation of rightless undocumented migrant workers, growing anti-immigration and anti-Muslim sentiments, rising support for the racist extreme right, and blatant disregard for refugee and human rights,

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